{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/qb9v11vs1v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Meir R. Holocaust testimony"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/005/original/Fortunoff-Logo.png?1549333634","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Videotape testimony of Meir R., who was born in Iași, Romania in 1931. He recounts his parents' deaths; placement in a Jewish orphanage when he was five; attending Romanian school; antisemitic incidents; German occupation; anti-Jewish measures; witnessing a mass killing of Jews by Romanians; forced labor; relative safety in the orphanage due to Red Cross protection; being terrorized by an SS soldier; liberation by Soviet troops in 1944; placement with a family in Bucharest; acting as a courier for the underground; traveling to Constanța in order to emigrate to Palestine; joining an illegal ship; stopping in Istanbul; receiving aid from the Jewish community there; arrival in Palestine in 1944; living on kibbutzim; fighting in the War of Independence; service in the merchant marine; moving to South Africa; marriage to a non-Jew; emigration to the United States; divorce; and remarriage. Mr. R. notes he did not share his experiences until a recent car accident which resulted in painful memories and nightmares; undergoing therapy; and realizing that sharing his experiences diminishes his pain. He shows photographs. (Abstract)","This testimony is open with permission. (Conditions Governing Access)","Copyright has been transferred to the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies. Use of this testimony requires permission of the Fortunoff Video Archive. (Conditions Governing Use)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1993-05-19 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Living Memorial to the Holocaust-Museum of Jewish Heritage (Producer)","R., Meir, 1931- (Interviewee)","R, Meir (3704) (Interviewee)","Brozgold, Alizah (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["2 videocassettes","1:15:28 duration_HH_MM_SS_mmm"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["R., Meir, 1931- (Person or Corporate Body)","International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (Person or Corporate Body)","Holocaust survivors (topical)","Video tapes (topical)","Men (topical)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Personal narratives (topical)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Personal narratives, Jewish (topical)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Children (topical)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Atrocities (topical)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Romania (topical)","Orphanages -- Romania (topical)","Forced labor (topical)","Israel-Arab War, 1948-1949 (topical)","Interfaith marriage (topical)","Nightmares (topical)","Iași (Romania) (geographic)","Romania (geographic)","Bucharest (Romania) (geographic)","Constanța (Romania) (geographic)","Istanbul (Turkey) (geographic)","Palestine -- Emigration and immigration (geographic)","South Africa (geographic)","Oral histories (document genres) (genre_form)","Child survivors (topical)","Mass killings (topical)","Antisemitism -- Pre-war (topical)","Postwar experiences (topical)","Postwar effects (topical)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["New York, N.Y. : (Place of Recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["mssa.hvt.2570 (EAD ID)","4288201 (Orbis bib)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Videotape testimony of Meir R., who was born in Iași, Romania in 1931. He recounts his parents' deaths; placement in a Jewish orphanage when he was five; attending Romanian school; antisemitic incidents; German occupation; anti-Jewish measures; witnessing a mass killing of Jews by Romanians; forced labor; relative safety in the orphanage due to Red Cross protection; being terrorized by an SS soldier; liberation by Soviet troops in 1944; placement with a family in Bucharest; acting as a courier for the underground; traveling to Constanța in order to emigrate to Palestine; joining an illegal ship; stopping in Istanbul; receiving aid from the Jewish community there; arrival in Palestine in 1944; living on kibbutzim; fighting in the War of Independence; service in the merchant marine; moving to South Africa; marriage to a non-Jew; emigration to the United States; divorce; and remarriage. Mr. R. notes he did not share his experiences until a recent car accident which resulted in painful memories and nightmares; undergoing therapy; and realizing that sharing his experiences diminishes his pain. He shows photographs.","This testimony is open with permission.","Copyright has been transferred to the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies. Use of this testimony requires permission of the Fortunoff Video Archive."]},"provider":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/005/original/Fortunoff-Logo.png?1549333634","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/057/658/small/open-uri20191129-29465-1g643ax_1575072716.jpg?1575072716","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - open-uri20191129-29465-1g643ax.mov"]},"duration":3683.12667,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/057/658/small/open-uri20191129-29465-1g643ax_1575072716.jpg?1575072716","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-fortunoff.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/057/658/original/open-uri20191129-29465-1g643ax.mov?1575072715","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3683.12667,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English Transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[BEEPING]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=0.0,60.38"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[SIDE CONVERSATION]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=60.38,97.8"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[INTERPOSING VOICES]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=97.8,99.78"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, OK. Good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=99.78,102.79"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e OK, sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=102.79,103.92"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e You got levels?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=103.92,105.12"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=105.12,108.26"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e In other words, you've done the levels?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=108.26,109.41"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=109.41,112.19"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e All right. My name is Meir Reichman. I was born in a city called Iasi in Romania.  My parents died before the war. And my stepmother put me in the orphanage home-- it was a Jewish orphanage home-- by the age of five.  We were raised in this home from the age of five till about the age of 20.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=112.19,147.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e There were other-- you had brothers and sisters too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=147.9,150.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I was-- uh, I come from a twin brother. Which my brother died in birth. And uh, I sur-- I'm the survivor from the twins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=150.9,164.91"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Mhm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=164.91,166.86"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The story, what I'm telling now, it's-- eh, like I say, I was raised in the Jewish orphanage home, which was-- which was uh-- we were called, uh, by the Jewish community of the city. The, uh-- there was a special Jewish orphanage only for Jewish orphanage. We were about-- and this orphanage were about 500 kids. In the age of five till 20.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=166.86,199.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a very, very large home. It was like a palace, like a big palace with different wings, and we were located in central of the city of Iasi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=199.95,221.96"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the age when I was about 11 years old, the war broke up. And the German, and the Romanian, they were the Allies.  And they came over, and they took a part of the orphanage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=221.96,244.58"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bigger kids they took away from the age of 15 till uh-- till 20. And they send them different paths.   They send them away to Transnistria,  which there was a labor camp, a big labor camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=244.58,261.6"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We — till the age of-- of uh-- from six till about 14, we were-- we were remaining there, and we walked and doing all kinds of arts jobs, manual  jobs. Which, together with the-- it was part German, and part Romanian. Both of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=261.6,288.8"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were very treated badly. We-- we didn't have school. We interrupt the school. Then interrupt everything. We just were-- we were working, and we uh-- how were we called? We did-- they didn't — send us away. We were still till the end of the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=288.8,313.68"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were in a situation in the middle of the-- of the town. And one day in August, the-- the Romanians start taking all the-- the Jewish from different parts of the-- of the city, and just start killing them. They were in front of our-- of this orphanage house was a big place, a big-- like a plaza. So they took few-- quite a few hundred people. And they put gas around them. And they light fire, and hook-- and people started running in hooves and then they shoot them.  [INAUDIBLE] they survive, with the machine gun, they shoot them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=313.68,366.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw all this. And like I was about 200 yards from me, in front.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=366.24,373.97"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=373.97,375.69"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was the old-- I was about 11 years old. 11, 12. And then, another episode which I recall, was the Romanian there was to pick up the people who used to give me red flags. And you say, you're a communist. And used to shoot them. All of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=375.69,401.04"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was the big, uh-- the pogrom, what happened in the city Iasi. In two days, they just-- the Romanians and the Germans, they just went wild. There was a rampage. They-- they dragged the people and they just shoot them. They killed them only because-- because they were Jewish. Not-- nothing else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=401.04,427.29"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there any way of identifying them? Were they wearing yellow stars at that point? Or--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=427.29,432.12"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e In that point, the-- if I recall, the-- they were. They was wearing yellow stars,  the band. But we the kids, in the orphanage then, because we were all together. So they know we all-- we are Jewish. So we didn't have to wear yellow stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=432.12,449.82"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Mhm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=449.82,450.96"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And this particular days, like-- like I said, there was the-- the rampage. They did whatever they want. They go to the cellar and they pick up. They go to different parts, and they-- and they kill them in the spot, or the bottom together, by-- by the present, the police present. And they just killed them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=450.96,475.98"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the rest of them, they-- they put them in the train. And uh, the cattle train, they lock up like sardines, and they took them out-- out of town. And they let them-- for two or three days, they let them sit over there, and then they open. And who survived to make the grave for them? And then the rest, then they shoot them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=475.98,501.15"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know this story, because a couple people survived, and they come back. And they told us what-- what happened. The political system before the war, there were very much anti-Semitism in-- in Romania. And then, when the party, the Iron Guard come to power,  with the General Antonescu,  then there was become-- was worse and worse, become the situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=501.15,534.37"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me ask you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=534.37,535.54"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=535.54,535.81"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were a young child, when did you first become aware of-- of the fact that there was anti-Semitism? When--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=535.81,545.35"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e One was episode when you went to-- to school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=545.35,549.97"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Mhm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=549.97,550.72"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e To the Romanian school, to a public school from the orphanage. Used to go to school. And there was sign, you know, of Jid. Of a--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=550.72,564.13"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Mhm. Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=564.13,565.3"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Jidan — In the note, I had to fight with kids also when-- because I was in Jewish-- I was Jewish. And, uh, then, uh, also in street you could see there always was about the Jewish people, right? So they say we kill Jesus Christ, and, uh, and you're not supposed to be here. That's the words for them. But always was this kind of a atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=565.3,601.99"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Were your-- were your parents observant or was your family, were they religious?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=601.99,607.73"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, like I say, my father died when I was five years old. And my mother died before. So I was raised in the orphanage home. In the orphanage, we had very not much religion. We know a little bit there. We went to--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=607.73,626.26"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they teach Hebrew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=626.26,627.34"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Very-- by the age of five, I was to be learn Hebrew already. Well into, I was to cheder,  the Hebrew school, what you call.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=627.34,638.27"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=638.27,640.54"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e But, uh, in the orphanage, basically, uh, we learned secular education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=640.54,646.71"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Education, mm-hmm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=646.71,648.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And that. But not particularly we were religious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=648.0,650.47"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. And you had no-- once You were placed in the orphanage, you had no contact with any surviving family, or did you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=650.47,659.35"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I have no-- no contact, because my-- from my-- I had aunts and aunts, which they're-- they're spread all over. They were all over gone. They were gone. They didn't come. I come from my father's side. There were 10 brothers and one sister. And they were in Russian during the war, that was spread all over. So I-- till up today, I don't know none of them survive, or don't-- don't survive. I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=659.35,690.43"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. And the other thing I wanted to ask is, before you were 11, and all of these awful things started to happen, were there any rumors, or hints, or did you have any feeling that were people talking about the Germans and what was going on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=690.43,710.12"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e As I recall, just in-- in this age, I recall just I know the-- the war broke up. And I know that, uh, the German come to-- to Romania. And they started bombing, night and day. They was bombing the-- the Allies started bombing.  And the-- uh, what do you call it? The media was not so big. It's just the newspaper. You know, had no newspaper so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=710.12,745.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there always was against the Jews to go to Palestine, to get rid of the Jewish, to go to Palestine. Because now they want to clean up Romania from the Jews, OK, from the minority. That's what I remember this, that by the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=745.64,764.27"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So it seemed from your perspective at that time kind, of a sudden thing, like the Germans came in, and--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=764.27,771.2"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, exactly. There was [? West ?] part was more in Russia and East Europe different, early than the Romanian self, they never was so-- so much I mean--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=771.2,784.41"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Of a buildup.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=784.41,785.35"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Never build up. But because of the political system, what want in there, because of the economical, I will say today, that I-- I understand more, that they blamed the Jewish for-- for the misery what was over there, because the Romania was a kingdom, was the King. And the rest was peasant, or was-- or you was rich or you were poor. Was no middle class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=785.35,811.31"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=811.31,812.6"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And back, coming back to this point that the pogrom what happened, where they killed about 10,000 Jews,  that was, because they put rumors that-- that the Jewish were Bolshevik,  were Communists, and the-- the Jewish killed a Romanian soldier. So then they took advance of that revenge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=812.6,836.66"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Revenge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=836.66,837.4"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Because at the same time, there was-- I don't-- history, there was the Bessarabia and Bukovina, two parts used to belong to Romania one time, and then the Russian took it over, because the Hitler had a pact with the Russian, and they give it back to the Russian.  And then when the later one, then the Romania took it over again. And then they blamed the Jewish, because they said they were the traitors, that they like the communism. And that's why the Romanians lost the-- the parts of Romania, the greater Romania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=837.4,875.48"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's how the-- the-- the-- I mean the revenge one so wild.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=875.48,884.21"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What year was it, Mr. Reichman, when that happened, that-- that pogrom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=884.21,889.01"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I think there was 19- 1941, 1941. 1941. And then one day, in-- I-- in the orphanage home, I used to work with the parts, where I used to clean parts for the-- I used to clean cars. And one day I miss a SS men took me up. And he put me in a tree, and he starts shooting at me, shooting with-- with this revolver. It was a big tree, and I was in the middle. And it was in the summertime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=889.01,936.99"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I was, of course, I was crying. And he was shooting bullets, flying all over me. It was like I was a target. Birds was coming down. And more than an hour, and I was-- I was little. So he put me up in the tree, and then they, after a while, he took me down. And he told me next time, don't miss the spot. The dirt what I clean up. And he give me a spank, and he sent me back to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=936.99,970.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During the war time, I spent most of the time in this orphanage home. How, I don't-- I can't recall, by miracle or by an intervention from the International Red Cross,  we-- we-- we survive, till we was liberated from-- from the Russian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=970.5,996.55"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did the Red Cross come into the orphanage? Do you remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=996.55,1001.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I-- I don't know exactly how they come, but I know that before the-- before the end of the war, when the Germany was losing, they took us from the orphanage, and they-- I was in Iasi, and they sent us to Bucharest, to the capital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1001.24,1024.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1024.24,1026.92"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Because they-- they needed the whole place for some reason. I don't know what it is. But I know that they took us by train, and we went to Bucharest. Over there, we were-- we were put in different homes, in different parts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1026.92,1042.85"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You-- you were separated from the people, the other orphans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1042.85,1046.53"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e With the other orphans, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1046.53,1047.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was anybody with you, or were you quite alone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1047.95,1051.43"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I was with another couple of kids from another family. They were a Jewish family. And that was a couple of months before the-- the Russian liberate us. And then when the Russian liberate us, the-- they-- they used to take all the orphanage, Jewish orphanage kids, and they used to send them to Russia, to put them in the-- in the-- in the Army Institute, and the Military Institute. They want to raise them up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1051.43,1085.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I-- I hate the Russian. I hate the Bolsheviks. I hate the Cossacks, because I remember as a child, they told me the Cossack, they-- they'll go with the sword, and they kill people, and they eat the meat.  And there was a-- a time which, uh, that's how we were afraid. And before we know the Russian coming, then there's going to be a massacre, wherever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1085.24,1111.74"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I, uh, I was very much afraid of them. So when they went-- the Russian, the-- they-- they told the Jewish agency or the Red Cross, I don't remember exactly who was in charge of that, to bring all the kids into-- in a place. And they have to take them away. So I-- I ran away, and I-- I ran away to a-- a different-- to Red Cross. I-- it was an office. Anyway, I run away and I told them I don't want to go to Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1111.74,1148.36"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1148.36,1150.13"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Uh, I was 13. I was 13. Right, 13.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1150.13,1155.59"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And when-- when you said you-- you ran away, how far away was it from the orphanage? Where did you have--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1155.59,1160.78"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e There was no orphanage. At this time I was in--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1160.78,1162.85"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e This was in Bucharest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1162.85,1163.06"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean in--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1163.06,1163.75"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e --in Bucharest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1163.75,1164.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, I'm sorry. Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1164.24,1165.21"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a-- it was in a-- in a house. It was in a house. I was by a family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1165.21,1171.85"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. And you knew where to go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1171.85,1174.03"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And they told me to go to a certain place in a street. I-- I can't even recall now the name of that. So after a while, they told me, OK, we're not going to send you over there. To wait till we're going to-- to send you to Palestine at this time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1174.03,1200.83"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So after a couple of weeks, we-- they come and they pick us up. We were quite a couple hundred kids in this city. In the meantime, come more kids from different parts of where Romania was liberated. And they want to send us to a-- to a sea port, to Constantza.  And a boat over there was waiting for-- for us. The war was not finished. It was not-- there was only the last couple of months. But there was still fighting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1200.83,1237.52"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because later on I will tell you why I know exactly what-- so we came to Constantza. And they told us that the boat that we're supposed to be in, there's no more room. We have to wait for another boat. The name of the boat, but I'm not supposed to-- I was supposed to be in that, was the Struma.  Which the German, later on, the-- they sank the boat with about 300 kids with them. I mean they sank it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1237.52,1274.71"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They let them go out of the harbor, and the Germans still were underwater. And there was waiting for them. And then they-- they-- they sank the boat. A couple weeks later, I-- I, uh, there was another boat, which I went into it. The boat was-- in the meantime, we were about close to 800 people, adults and children together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1274.71,1302.4"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The boat was very-- it's a big boat with sailing, not with the engine, it was sailing. What was-- in the normal time there was-- they used to carry cattle from Romania to Turkey. And they transformed it into--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1302.4,1322.92"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e A passenger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1322.92,1323.67"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e In a passenger. They built beds and these shelves, shelves. And that was too international Red Cross, because I remember there was a big, big Red Cross all over the boat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1323.67,1336.99"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went from Constantza to Turkey, so through the Black Sea. On the normal, the voyage, it's short. It's about three days. It took us about two weeks to reach the place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1336.99,1355.78"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After a couple of days in the sea, we hit a mine, a sea mine in that, made a big hole, and we had a lot of water coming in. They kept on Turkish captain and the crew, and some of our people, they worked together night and day to pump the water by hand, by the small engine. We dragged for about, like I said, for about two weeks until we reach Istanbul, Turkey.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1355.78,1390.61"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food was very-- we didn't have much food. There was very little left. It was very-- water was rationed. And we were packed like sardines. But thank God we-- we reached the Istanbul, the port.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1390.61,1407.89"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right away, the Jewish community over there, the receive us very nice. And, uh, then we saw the lights. We never saw the lights during the war. We-- we got food. We-- we-- that was like a-- like a paradise away from the sea. We saw it. And we-- everybody come up. We were in the deck. And we saw. During the four years war, we didn't what-- we don't have very little to eat, and very-- but here we got, so everything was a different world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1407.89,1443.83"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The-- the Turkish authorities, they took us off. And we could not continue the voyage to Palestine by the boat, because that was-- they were very damaged.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1443.83,1455.72"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Too much damage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1455.72,1456.45"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And that-- the British agreed to let us in by train. So we went from Istanbul by train, also not on the regular train, but there was also a train would carry cattle train. But it was comfortable. It was with stove and small beds. So we went from Turkey after a couple of weeks, we stayed there. We went by train to Syria, and to Lebanon, to-- to Palestine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1456.45,1491.63"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there-- were there people that you connected up with in the course of that journey? Or were you really on your own?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1491.63,1500.31"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I can-- I-- we-- every group had a-- uh, like an adult. It was a counselor, like, uh, you know, who was in charge. You know, that was organized. There was, because we were so many, they was in charge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1500.31,1519.03"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But particular name, or I-- I-- I can't recall. Also, I don't have no-- all my papers, whatever I had, obviously got lost during the-- during the time when, because from the orphanage we used to get paper, and then-- then when I went to-- to the-- to Constantza-- to-- to Bucharest. I lost it, everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1519.03,1543.46"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So from Istanbul, we went to Palestine. And in Palestine, during the-- that was during the British mandate,  there was 1944, a couple of months later, they were ending. It was where we were ending.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1543.46,1569.45"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During the British, then I joined a kibbutz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1569.45,1576.47"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Which one? Where did you go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1576.47,1578.15"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I-- I went to a kibbutz, Tirat Zvi In [? Beit She'an. Right. But before that, I went to a kibbutz, I was-- at the time, I was 14. This particular time in-- in Palestine, there was different parties who they want to have the kids with-- they want to take the kids and they education in their own -- in their own way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1578.15,1611.74"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there was a commission which used to ask the kids all kinds of questions. And by the way you answer them, they know where to-- where to-- what the party used to belong, or to the religion party, or have religion, or secular party, or the-- there was about, I don't know, 10, 20 parties for different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1611.74,1637.75"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they used to offer us watches and things to tell them how--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1637.75,1643.96"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e To sway you one way or another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1643.96,1645.31"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e To sway you one-- that's-- that's-- that's true. That--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1645.31,1649.03"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And where did-- where did you come out? What were your--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1649.03,1651.28"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I come out, because they asked me how-- I told them I was in an orphanage, how we used to eat, and what plate, and if we used to observe Shabbat, and the holidays. Of course, I remembered that my stepmother, until I was the age of five, used to light candles. So I told them where that was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1651.28,1671.2"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they sent me to-- to a religious institute, which is Agudat Yisrael.  Very religious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1671.2,1681.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e When you had been in-- in the orphanage, in Romania, had you thought of going to Palestine? Were you-- did you feel that that was what you wanted to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1681.64,1693.1"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I thought, since I remember, I thought I want-- I want to go to Palestine.  Because the-- the kids, I remember used to bully me, to say what, Palestine is-- is a very small place. They used to have a song, Palestine is small, it's small. It's no good. OK, so they used to tease me. And I-- I will never forget that, you know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1693.1,1718.03"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Where was that song from? That was a Romanian song?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1718.03,1721.16"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, yeah. That was the Romanian song. But they-- in school, they used to tease me about that. Because I used to dream to go to Palestine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1721.16,1731.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So you had to, as a child, you were contending both with being a Jew, and also with being a Jew who was a Zionist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1731.95,1740.14"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I will say yes. I will say yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1740.14,1743.47"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that-- but was that difficult for you? Was it painful that even your Jewish-- the other Jewish orphans would bully you? Do you remember anything about what that was like for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1743.47,1756.28"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that was not the-- How I can I--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1756.28,1763.15"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Say it your own way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1763.15,1764.51"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, there was part in the-- in the-- because in the school, I just at fourth grade, that's all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1764.51,1775.27"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You went to four grades.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1775.27,1776.44"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e That's at fourth grade, no-- no more. And they used to bully me about that. I don't know how. But they used to say, well, Palestine is small. And-- and I thought Palestine is very big, you know? That's part, maybe that it was. But this I remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1776.44,1800.82"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's part of my survival, when I come to Palestine, from-- from the war. But there are many episodes during the war which come to my mind, now that I skip. Because I can't recall--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1800.82,1822.69"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e At that time--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1822.69,1823.41"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e At that time, no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1823.41,1824.43"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e --but later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1824.43,1824.76"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e But later on, I-- you know, I-- I think what-- when I was in Bucharest that-- that the family where I was waiting, that's when I was-- what do you call it? Waiting for till I go to, uh, Palestine. They told me how two years before, what happened in-- in Bucharest. How the-- the gendarme, the Iron guard, all the-- the ones that they pick up the Jewish for about 200, the very famous Jews from the town, and the bottom to-- to the slaughterhouse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1824.76,1866.85"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they cut them and they hang them up in pieces, and they-- and they wrote, that's kosher meat. That's the atrocity which was, because we told them what happened in Iasi in the pogrom. So they tell me, it happened here too, not in the thousands, but in the few hundreds. Because Bucharest was very-- it was very influenced politically by the Jewish people, by the government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1866.85,1896.4"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And later on, I find out that not only the-- the army, and the political, but every-- the-- the plain citizen of Romania, the-- all the intellectual, they were very much involved to destroy the Jewish -- the Jewish people, only because we're Jewish, nothing else. That's kind of a--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1896.4,1922.53"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Ethnic cleansing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1922.53,1924.3"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Ethnic cleansing you can call, the atmosphere what-- what was created during the-- during that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1924.3,1932.8"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember much more about the family? Do you remember their name, and what it was like to be with them? I guess this was the first time in many years that you had been with a family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1932.8,1943.51"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1943.51,1944.11"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What was that like for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1944.11,1946.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Now? What do you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1946.9,1949.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Looking back, the family in Bucharest that-- where you were staying for a while.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1949.64,1955.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1955.0,1955.81"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember their names?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1955.81,1957.16"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I-- I don't think I recall their name, because it was very short time. I didn't stay too long. I didn't-- I don't recall the name. Also by the end of the, uh, by the end of the war, nearly the end in Bucharest, there was the underground.  It was the Jewish underground, which they used to send me with different messages. Because by this time, the Jewish start fighting against the German. It was only a couple of months before the end. But that was organized, and there was fighting against the German. It was like a small underground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1957.16,1998.58"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I used to go and supply them with information for different-- where the Germans are in the city for different parts of the town. I used to supply them with, even with, as I recall, with-- with food, and with information, and with sometimes some arms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1998.58,2018.29"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because I was a little, and it was easy to sneak in between all the streets, not-- not to see me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2018.29,2025.49"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Reichman, do you remember how you happened to get the food, or the information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2025.49,2031.82"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That-- I remember that the-- this family, they come to me, and someone look. I got some papers here, take that, and run to point, to this post, from now. Because I-- they told me the-- the street, and I just--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2031.82,2050.56"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You just did it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2050.56,2051.62"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He didn't think about why or who.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2051.62,2053.99"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Also, I didn't look like Jewish. When I was little, I didn't know I was, I looked like-- like a gentile, like a little Romanian. No, it was nothing. I didn't have a big nose. I didn't have nothing. OK? So I was very easy I could--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2053.99,2069.45"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You could pass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2069.45,2069.81"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I-- I-- I could pass. That's why they-- I just remember now. Nobody ever told me I'm Jewish. OK? But they used to bully me because of the Palestine, but not that the--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2069.81,2082.34"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e People outside the orphanage know you were Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2082.34,2084.93"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, because, of course, in my orphanage there used to be a big Romanian theater, national theater. And I used to participate in play, because children play, and most of the-- of the-- of the actors were Romanian. And there were Romanian plays. So they used to take me to participate in different episodes, you know. I used to-- that I was like the-- the-- the child. That's how they used to adopt me, used to take-- I used to-- they used to take good care of me, and that was before the-- before the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2084.93,2124.76"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you at that point? I guess you were quite young?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2124.76,2127.76"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2127.76,2129.02"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e 9, 10 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2129.02,2129.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e 9, 10, that's-- 11, and that's--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2129.95,2132.29"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you remember of the theater those days?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2132.29,2135.59"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I-- I want only to theater. I never want to move it, till I want in Israel and Palestine. Because most of the-- till the age of 11, I was at the theater. There was a national theater across from this orphanage home on one side. And the other side was a Jewish theater.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2135.59,2156.18"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Uh-huh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2156.18,2156.86"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e It was the-- The Green Tree,  the name of the theater. And I used to go to see Jewish plays. You know? So--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2156.86,2167.63"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Which were performed in Yiddish or Romanian?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2167.63,2170.03"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Used to perform in-- in Romanian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2170.03,2172.19"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e In Romanian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2172.19,2172.7"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e In Romania, very-- very little Yiddish. Yiddish, I learned-- later on, I learned Yiddish in Palestine, in Israel. I didn't know Yiddish. Because I was-- like I told there-- I was to-- they put me in a very strictly orthodox upbringing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2172.7,2192.94"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2192.94,2193.88"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And they didn't spoke to me Hebrew. They spoke to me Yiddish. They want me shall I be a rabbi, shall I study. And I didn't like to be a-- to-- to study. I like to work. Because I know, even the King must have a trade. And I know-- in fact, the people during the war who had trades survive more than people who didn't have trades.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2193.88,2219.74"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I was insistent to have-- to have a trade, and not to study. But Yiddish I learned--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2219.74,2226.67"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2226.67,2227.33"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Later in life, not before. Before, I know-- just used to know, Romanian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2227.33,2232.73"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Now after your-- your acting experiences, did you have any interest in the theater or becoming an actor when you grew up, or was that just a--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2232.73,2242.42"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e When I grew up, I grew up in, uh, in part in the yeshiva,  in the institutional religious institution. And then part I grew up in a kibbutz, which I participated in-- in acting in the kibbutz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2242.42,2260.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, you did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2260.64,2261.06"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes. And-- and then part during the liberation of the state, the creation of the state of Israel, I fought against the-- the Arabs, and against the British,  which we was the first in this settlement that I was, even before the state of Israel was created, we-- there was the UN voted to participate Palestine. But the British were still there. They-- they didn't go out six months later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2261.06,2300.19"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we were the first settlement to be attacked by the Arabs.  By this time, there was not the-- the Arabs army. But there was the gangs. There was the Arab gangs, what you called it the [? Mufti ?] [? [NON-ENGLISH]. ?] So there was the wild Arabs, the wild-- and we were attacked for-- we had about a thousand Arabs come over in our settlement. We were-- maybe we were about-- it wasn't in this settlement, it was about 150 defenders, and not everyone-- we didn't have guns. We had one machine gun which moved from post to post in order to-- to make the Arabs think that we have a lot of power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2300.19,2349.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the British, they used to give us so much ammunition. But they know we're going to have a-- we're going to be over-- overrun by the Arabs. And then they stayed a few miles away, and they were waiting. They didn't interfere. They want to make sure-- they-- they're supposed to be the-- the law keeper, the peacekeeper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2349.9,2377.53"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we had very few, uh, arms. And that was in a-- in a dark night in February, it was a very miserable night, 4:00 in the morning, we-- we were trained that we were expected, but we didn't know exactly when. So a few miles from our kibbutz was another settlement, and they know-- and-- and they sent Morse-- in night with a projector.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2377.53,2410.02"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Morse code.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2410.02,2410.31"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Morse code, that you-- we-- we were supposed to be attacked at any moment. It was only half an hour before the attack that we-- everybody went to the post. We were sleeping. And we were in trenches, and we-- everybody has a-- I had a rifle. And we-- we-- I was with another two offenders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2410.31,2434.21"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You were all of 16, or how old?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2434.21,2436.69"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I was-- I was 16 then. And I was-- and we had the water tower. So in the water tower, we had a-- a projector. It was dark. So I went up. And I-- I-- I moved the projector around. Then the guys down to see the-- the enemy. And they was about 100 yards from us was that [? Orange ?] [? Grove. ?] And for a while that was OK. And then they-- they shot down the projector. Then I went down, because I couldn't stay up. Then I went down, and I joined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2436.69,2475.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we-- we had-- we fought for about three hours till 7:00 in the morning. And can be-- there was a miracle, or whatever you can call it. We had the Arabs that-- threw their shoes off, they threw everything, and they run, like once we start shooting back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2475.95,2497.12"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We left about 100 dead around the settlement. In the morning, I had to take the horses, me and my friend has to go to pick up the bodies. The British, in the meantime, they came over. And they didn't believe it, that we still here. So they want to count how many bodies were there. So we picked up about 100 Arabs, and from our side we got only one-- one casualty. It was in another side of a-- another part of the kibbutz, which there was the one machine gun we had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2497.12,2536.52"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the-- he got hit straight in the heart from a-- from a flying-- there was one casualty. The rest, no-- nobody got hurt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2536.52,2547.53"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e That's amazing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2547.53,2548.43"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was, like I say, you can call it whatever you want. But then we took the guns, all the ammunition from them, with the Arabs. And we add it to our--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2548.43,2560.25"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e To your storehouse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2560.25,2561.19"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. Because then we had to sell-- to give back the British the ones they have. They count how many cartridge we used. That's how much we're supposed to get back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2561.19,2572.62"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Could we go back a little bit in your story? Do you remember what life was like in the orphanage during the time that you lived there, after the beginning of the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2572.62,2585.61"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2585.61,2586.88"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e No, all right. Why don't we start before the war, and then--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2586.88,2590.38"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, like I said--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2590.38,2590.68"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What changes may have taken place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2590.68,2593.23"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly. The orphanage was a beautiful institution, which was supported by the Jewish community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2593.23,2599.82"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember the name of it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2599.82,2601.56"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. Orfelinatul evreiesc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2601.56,2604.69"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you-- Hebrew Orphanage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2604.69,2605.35"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Then oh, that's the English-- the Jewish--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2605.35,2607.89"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Jewish Orphanage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2607.89,2608.89"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Jewish Orphanage, the Romanian's orphans, not to have evreiesc. The Jewish Orphanage, it was the only Jewish orphanage in this-- in this town for-- I think this town was about close to 80,000, 100,000 people. I don't really know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2608.89,2627.62"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you live in a room with other children? How many children? Do you remember anything about what your life was like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2627.62,2637.21"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. We lived in a dormitory. I would say with about I think 20 people in the dormitory. There was heating. It was very clean. We had a few housekeepers, it was nice dressed. Even the-- we used to have the Queen of Romania come visit us, Queen Elena  one time. She was very impressed the-- the way the orphanage was, uh, run.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2637.21,2672.17"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What was it like for you to have the queen of Romania come?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2672.17,2676.77"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was-- I was very little. I was very little. But I still-- I-- I saw her coming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2676.77,2683.7"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2683.7,2685.38"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And it was very normal. It was like we go to school. The school was not too far, and we eat in a mess hall. And--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2685.38,2701.4"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember having any special friend as you grew up? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2701.4,2707.6016"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I had a special friend, which he's still is in-- still live in Israel. Yeah, one-- one friend. I used to go out with him together. I find him in Israel many, many years later. By a bus stop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2707.6016,2727.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You recognized?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2727.24,2728.26"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I recognized, right. Right, right. By a bus stop, many years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2728.26,2731.41"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And what that feel like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2731.41,2732.7"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e He-- eat-- but eating, I don't recall if he came-- he came with me together in the same boat. I think he came in another boat. And then I met another-- I recognized another woman in Tel Aviv. What-- her name was Sarah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2732.7,2755.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, she recognized me, again this time. But during-- during the war after we were really separated from different direction, you know, you cannot-- it's very hard to-- to-- to recall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2755.24,2771.77"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes but--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2771.77,2773.27"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Only after during the war, when the-- when they start like-- a big part of us, they went away. The German took them. They send them to Transnistria. I don't know if you know the story about the Transnistria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2773.27,2786.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2786.95,2787.91"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e There's the story which the-- the Romanian want to get rid of all the Romanian-- all the Jewish. And they send them--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2787.91,2797.99"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e This was a work camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2797.99,2799.16"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a working camp. They send them to Transnistria, which is a-- [? [NON-ENGLISH] ?] a river, from that Dnipro River, I think. I forgot that's part of the Ukraine. So they send them over there, and they make the camp to die. Just-- just to die, to get rid. I was lucky that they didn't send us. We're supposed to go also though to Transnistria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2799.16,2826.43"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you hear that they were going to Transnistria? How did you learn that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2826.43,2834.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Because later-- later on, during the war, the-- you see, the Romanian, they changed-- they exchanged with Bukovina and Bessarabia one time, used to belong to Romania. One time used to belong to Russia. And then when the Russian took-- when the Romania took over from the Russian, and they blamed the Jewish for that. That they-- that they lost it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2834.5,2861.35"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then when they took over, so they blamed the Jewish. And they-- they sent to Transnistria. So there was a time that everybody knows they're going to Transnistria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2861.35,2870.86"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e They-- before--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2870.86,2871.91"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2871.91,2872.3"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Even before leaving?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2872.3,2874.4"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. Right, they know they're going to-- to-- to Transnistria in Russia. So that's-- that's what I remember.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2874.4,2883.88"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. So-- but-- so the older children all left. And then you were left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2883.88,2890.32"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2890.32,2890.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And what other changes took place in the life of the orphanage?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2890.95,2896.29"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e What other changes? We were left, we were most of the war, we were in the orphanage. We were working for the German, doing all kinds of odds and end jobs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2896.29,2908.92"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Like you were doing, involved with the-- machine parts, the cars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2908.92,2912.91"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e With the machine parts, with washing, uh, uh, any-- any manual job, any. We didn't go to school. We didn't-- now disrupt all the education.  We just were--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2912.91,2926.8"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2926.8,2927.49"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2927.49,2929.56"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you continue to live in the dorms?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2929.56,2932.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2932.5,2933.13"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Were your meals somewhat similar?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2933.13,2935.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was different. Because we-- we-- we were concentrated in a small-- in the-- only in the [? [NON-ENGLISH], ?] in the part. And we were-- the food was not the same like before. It was much, much-- we had much less food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2935.95,2952.72"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Um, another episode, uh, that I know that-- and what happened on the-- I know we had a housekeeper. What she was very, uh, how you call it? She used to have-- she get--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2952.72,2978.74"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Excited?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2978.74,2979.61"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No excited, she was sick. And she used to-- she used to fell down, and she used to--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2979.61,2985.34"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Epilepsy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2985.34,2986.13"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Epilepsy, right. I remember this well, when she was little before. And then when the war started, and then the Germans took her away. So we don't-- we didn't have her no more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2986.13,2996.35"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Who took care of you then? Were you just left on your own?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2996.35,2999.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We-- we were in basically, we were all by ourselves. We were all by ourselves under the Germans and Romanian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2999.5,3006.85"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e With the oldest--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3006.85,3007.6"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e They were all-- one director. We were one-- there was a director. OK? But we were no-- no more housekeepers, and stuff like that. The rest of the staff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3007.6,3022.06"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So you did-- you took care of all of the activities of daily living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3022.06,3026.98"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. Which was most of the day you work. And, uh--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3026.98,3033.1"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Who prepared food?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3033.1,3034.93"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That was through the German army. They bring us food, from the kitchen, the same kitchen that we eat from-- from the big bowl food. There was no individual like it was before. So I was lucky to survive there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3034.93,3054.72"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3054.72,3055.35"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e As-- as a Jew, as an orphan, Jewish orphan, is because very-- as you know, very little was told about the-- the atrocity, and the-- the-- the pogrom from the city that I come from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3055.35,3071.82"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So by being in the orphanage, you were protected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3071.82,3074.26"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. I was protected. Right, partly by international Red Cross, or an agency, but that's why-- that's how I--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3074.26,3087.21"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm curious how you felt when you came to Israel. You had wanted to go to Palestine-- to what was then Palestine. You had wanted to go there. But then you get there, and then you're in the middle of a-- of a war, where you're fighting. You're 16 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3087.21,3101.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3101.64,3102.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did that feel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3102.0,3103.32"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the feel-- that was very scary. I tell you that. Because I survived all this, and now I'm in the war. And not that I fought that, then during-- when I was raised in this kibbutz, particular, then a friend of mine, we-- we conquer a hill, not far from the-- from the settlement. And we established a fortified--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3103.32,3128.99"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e A fort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3128.99,3129.83"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e OK, fort. And we used to have a watch at night. So I was-- one night I went with him to watch. And every couple hours, we used to-- to-- to change the watch. So the Arabs, they were for about quite a few hundred yards from the settlement. And at once, we-- we heard a few shots, from a-- from a machine gun, wild shots. I was on the watch, and my friend was asleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3129.83,3166.42"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So after two hours, or something. I wake him up. I say, [? Avram, ?] let's change. And then I put my hand. And he said-- and it's full of blood. A bullet, a wild bullet, hit him direct when he sleep in a trench. And he was 17. He was 17.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3166.42,3186.88"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In particular, this friend, he was an artist. He make beautiful Van Gogh picture. He create a beautiful set of-- of painting. He was very, very artistic. I could not-- not draw a line. But he created beautiful. And he had an exhibition the kibbutz, because we were the Youth Aliyah, the youth, we were. So that's how-- the episode that I recall. That's how he died in his sleep.  OK?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3186.88,3219.25"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He-- I see, and I was lucky. OK. Nothing hit me. Not during the big one, and not during-- and then, I was-- I was in the Israeli army, was two-- two years. It was this time was two years, but partly because I was in the frontier, they took my time in account. Later when I advanced to different units in the Israeli they. That was-- was the beginning of the Israeli army at this time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3219.25,3253.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I-- I conquered different parts of the-- of Palestine in this time.  And I fought, and I survived in that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3253.9,3266.78"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So let's go back to the-- you went to the Agudat Yisrael, and--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3266.78,3270.16"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3270.16,3270.49"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e --what that was like and how long you were there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3270.49,3273.52"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The Agudat Yisrael was not too far from Petah Tikva.  There was a new-- a new institution, very new. And like I said, we just came from the boat. And the brought me over there. We were maybe 20 people we were over there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3273.52,3294.49"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And all the-- the rabbis, they wore beards, you know, and I was not too-- I was afraid. Because when I was-- when I went to cheder till about five years old, from five till one year, maybe one year later. So the rabbi used to put me, and he used to-- because I didn't know the [? alphabet. ?] So he used to give me an--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3294.49,3318.37"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e A [? [NON-ENGLISH] ?]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3318.37,3319.36"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e [? [NON-ENGLISH], ?] not a [? [NON-ENGLISH], ?] but with a--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3319.36,3321.34"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e With a rod.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3321.34,3321.91"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e With a rod, he used to put me, you know. So they all used to wear-- that was before the war. They used to wear a black beard, you know, so here I see again, you know. So-- and they give me a--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3321.91,3334.41"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e A yarmulke.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3334.41,3334.66"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I was no-- they give me a yarmulke,  to sleep with the yarmulke, and to force me to daven,  to start daven. And after a while, I didn't-- I didn't want it. I didn't like it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3334.66,3346.21"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3346.21,3347.08"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e So-- so I told them, you know, I like to learn a trade. Please send me. You know? No, no. They insist, no you have to learn. And then I start to know-- I didn't want to sleep with that. And I started do all kind of things that I didn't like that, and they didn't like that. I rebelled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3347.08,3365.41"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Too rebellious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3365.41,3366.7"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e So they sent me to a big institution in Jerusalem. You know? To also to-- to the [? [NON-ENGLISH] ?] they were there. That was an institution of the school. Over there the same thing. So I said, no. I want to learn a trade. I don't want it. So then they send me to-- to-- to learn plumbing, to a Jewish plumber in Jerusalem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3366.7,3395.87"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he put me-- I never forget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3395.87,3399.27"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e This was in-- you were like an apprentice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3399.27,3401.83"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. And-- and they put me in a-- in a toilet, what was a sewer. But I was so sick, I-- I ran away. And I went to Jewish-- I know the Jewish agency there, Youth aliyah. I-- I know the-- the center. I run to them, and I told them what they do to me. And I say, I don't want to stay with them. Please, I want to learn a trade. But I don't want this-- the way that-- that he treat me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3401.83,3436.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they said, well, we have to give you a test to see how much education you are-- you have, how much you know. So they give me a test. Of course, I know fourth grade in Romanian, a little bit history with that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3436.5,3448.89"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e This was a test in Romanian or in Hebrew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3448.89,3451.2"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e No. That was-- was in-- in Yiddish. I learned Yiddish in the meantime. In Romania, I didn't spoke Hebrew. I was more than two years in this country, and I don't spoke a word Hebrew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3451.2,3461.73"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they said, OK, we're going to send you to a family in Tel Aviv, but a religious family. OK. So the they send me to a religious family. And again, I have to do all the ritual, you know, like them, they imposed. They sent me also to-- to learn a cabinetmaker, no upholstery, to make mattress, upholstery, also to a very religious Jew. So he spoke to me Yiddish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3461.73,3495.49"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I told him, I don't want to-- to speak English. I want to speak Hebrew, you know, like everybody else in this-- they speak Hebrew. Then he say, no. You have to speak Yiddish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3495.49,3509.08"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next door there was another upholstery man. And he was a-- he don't wear a hat. He was nice and cut. And I told him. He say, come work with me. I say, fine. So I just went next door, and I started walking with him. And he just spoke me--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3509.08,3528.69"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Hebrew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3528.69,3529.65"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e He started speaking Hebrew with me slowly. But then they didn't like it, the family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3529.65,3534.45"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Because you were still living with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3534.45,3536.04"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. So-- so I tell them, send me to a kibbutz. Then I learned Hebrew. If you don't want to teach me, don't want to send me to school. I didn't go to school. So they said, OK. We're going to send you to a kibbutz. So they sent me to a very religious kibbutz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3536.04,3552.72"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was Hafetz Haim. I don't know if you heard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3552.72,3555.63"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3555.63,3555.99"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e OK. It was very religious. But they spoke a little bit Hebrew over there, not too much, a little bit. But we were separate from boys and girls. So still, I don't-- they didn't speak too much Hebrew, very little.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3555.99,3574.08"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, no, I want to-- to more be inter-- because in the meantime, you-- when you're in this stage of the-- this age, you see all the, you know, the boys and the girls dance together, and have, you know, the hora. And here, we didn't do nothing of the stuff. So I said, I want to go to kibbutz which is more integrated, more-- more open.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3574.08,3597.23"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e More secular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3597.23,3597.69"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e More-- right. OK. They sent me to kibbutz Tirat Zvi. That's from the [? Mizrahi, ?] the more-- more modern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3597.69,3608.27"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3608.27,3609.17"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And then what I-- I really-- I-- I learn Hebrew, and I-- I achieved. But I want--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3609.17,3616.33"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So-- so how long did you stay in Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3616.33,3619.78"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, In Israel, I stayed after the-- after the Independent War, when they finished. Then I-- then I joined the Merchant Marine, the Israeli First Merchant Marine. Because I didn't-- I think I finished the war, yeah, I finished the war. Yeah. Now I was supposed to go back every month, a month a year, I was supposed to go back to the army for the serve, in this unit. Which there was the-- I was in an infantry unit with the horses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3619.78,3657.28"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first infantry-- I was the first, me and my commander, were the two Jewish, and the rest was [? Jewish ?] [? Arabs. ?] That was 1948. OK?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3657.28,3668.68"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/transcript/73464/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So after I finished the army--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3668.68,3683.12667"}]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Anca Filipovici Critical Edition [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTwo Jewish orphanages were functioning in Iași in the interwar period. According to the details provided by Meir about the location of his orphanage (in the center of the town, close to the National Theater), he was institutionalized in the Jewish orphanage created after the First World War in the area around Iași. The institution was initiated by the Jewish philanthropists Moritz Wachtel and David Hertzenberg, under the patronage of Queen Maria of Romania, and led by a local committee. The orphanage benefited from the financial support of Joint, the Society for the Protection of War Orphans and local philanthropists. After 1936 it was administrated by the Jewish community of Iași. According to a report of 1936, the orphanage had experienced a fire a year before, and all the resources since had been channeled to cover the losses. Meir, who was born in 1931 and institutionalized around the age of 5, was probably accommodated in the new building erected after the fire. For more information see H. Gherner, Beno Wachtel, Evreii ieșeni în documente și fapte (Iași: Opinia, 1939), 114-117; Darea de seamă a orfelinatului evreiesc din Iași pe anii 1930-1935 (Iași: Progresul, 1936), 5-7.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=112.19,147.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIași (English: Jassy) is a city in Moldova, north-eastern Romania, which in the past was home to the oldest and the largest Jewish community of the region. Settled there from around the 17th century, the Jewish community benefited from a right to residence and their legal status as a religious guild. Most of the Jewish inhabitants were Ashkenazi, working in commerce and trade and the production of beverages and crafts. According to a census of the town from the middle of the 18th century, 65 out of 1353 homes belonged to Jews. The Jewish population increased progressively over the next centuries, reaching over 31,000 inhabitants in 1859 and almost 40,000 by the end of the 19th century. In the first half of the 19th century, the community developed an elementary school network, including three “modern” schools. The first Jewish periodicals, in Yiddish, Hebrew, and Romanian (or bilingual), were published in the same period. In the late 19th century, the town became an important Yiddish cultural center, with a well-known Yiddish theater. Among the distinguished Jewish writers and journalists of Iași were Iacob Groper, Lascar Șaraga, Elias Schwarzfeld, Horia Carp and Enric Furtună. By 1919, most of the rabbis were Hasidic; then, modern reform rabbis took the lead, like Iacob Isac Niemirower, who in 1926 became chief rabbi and the representative of the Mosaic religion in the Romanian senate. During the interwar period, the Jews in Iași enjoyed a rich cultural and community life. Zionist organizations also flourished in the 1920s. As everywhere in Europe, antisemitism rose at the turn of the century, especially in the university area, and escalated in the 1930s. During the Second World War, the community suffered the persecutions of the far-right dictatorships, including deprivation of civil rights, forced labor, deportations to Transnistria and the tragedy of the Iași Pogrom of June 1941. See https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Iasi. For more information on the history of the Jews in Iași see Theodor Lavi and Dora Litani, “Iash (Jassy),” in Pinkas ha-Kehilot, Romanyah, vol. 1 (Jerusalem, 1969), 141-176  (with English translation at https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_romania/rom1_00141.html ); also I. Kara, Contribuții la istoria obştii evreilor din Iaşi (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1997), with a synthesis in English, 105-111.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=112.19,147.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the new geopolitical frame set in the summer of 1940, after the Fall of France and the repudiation of the Anglo-French guarantee, King Carol II attempted an agreement with Nazi Germany and implemented racial legislation against Romanian Jews. However, severe territorial losses could not be avoided. Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were ceded to the Soviet Union without a fight, as Romania fell victim to the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed in 1939. Soon after, according to the Second Vienna Award, Northern Transylvania was taken over by Hungary. In this tense context and under high public pressure, the authoritarian regime of the king collapsed and was followed by the far-right dictatorships under Ion Antonescu, who joined the Axis powers in November 1940. In June 1941, Romanian armies participated with Germany in the invasion of the Soviet Union, conquering back Bessarabia and northern Bukovina and annexing Transnistria, an area between the rivers of the Dniester and the Southern Bug, whose camps and ghettos became the destination for the deported Jewish communities from Romania. For more information on Romania in the Second World War, see Denis Deletant, Hitler’s Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime. Romania, 1940-44 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), with a focus on Ion Antonescu. From a military history perspective, see Grant T. Harward, Romania’s Holy War: Soldiers, Motivation and the Holocaust (Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press, 2021). Chapter 3 deals with the context of Romania becoming a Nazi ally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=221.96,244.58"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eForced labor was part of the anti-Jewish legislation imposed by the Antonescu regime. According to the Decree-Law no. 3984/1940, male Jews were excluded from military service, but had to pay a fee and do community work in towns and villages, in labor camps, or on construction sites. The work took place under military surveillance and in extremely severe conditions. Jews unable to work or unable to pay a high ransom were deported to Transnistria. According to an update of the law in 1941, forced labor was performed by Jews aged between 18-50. In practice, younger males were also used for work. This is probably why Meir mentions that orphans over 14 were sent to work in different parts of the country. For further details on forced labor during the Holocaust in Romania, see the recent monograph in English by Dallas Michelbacher, Jewish Forced Labor in Romania, 1940-1944 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=244.58,261.6"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eTransnistria is the Ukrainian region between the rivers Dniester and Bug that was annexed by Romania, as a reward from Hitler, following the joint attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941. The Governorate of Transnistria was organized into 13 counties with a multiethnic population. While in the long term Antonescu planned to colonize the territory with Romanian inhabitants, in the autumn of 1941 he directed the deportations of the Jewish communities of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Dorohoi county to camps and ghettos across the region, where people were left without food, sanitation or other means of subsistence, falling victim to malnourishment and typhus. The deportations of around 170,000 Romanian Jews, part of the ethnic cleansing policies, were suspended a year later, in the autumn of 1942. The number of deported Jews who perished in Transnistria is estimated at 105,000-120,000, while the other 115,000-118,000 victims were local Ukrainian Jews, most from Odesa and the counties of Golta and Berezovka. Also, 24,000 Roma were deported from Romania, of whom only 14,000 survived. For a detailed presentation of Transnistria as part of the Romanian version of the Final Solution see The International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, Final Report (Iași: Polirom, 2004), 128-179. For in-depth analysis of Romanian ethnic cleansing policies, see Vladimir Solonari, A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941-1944 (‎Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press, 2019), while thorough research on the interactions between civilians and Jewish victims is found in Diana Dumitru, The State, Antisemitism, and Collaboration in the Holocaust: The Borderlands of Romania and the Soviet Union (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 176-230.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=244.58,261.6"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe situation of Jewish orphans and orphanages during the war in Regat is under-researched and many aspects are still unclear. On the one hand, the buildings that sheltered Jewish orphans were taken over by the state. The Romanianization legislation targeted also the building of the Jewish orphanage in Iași (on Ghe. Mârzescu Street no. 24), which was removed from the patrimony of the Jewish community and transferred to the National Center of Romanianization (Decision on 4 February 1943, art. 1 (71)) – see Lya Benjamin (ed.), The Jews in Romania Between 1940-1944. Vol. I, Anti-Jewish Legislation (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1993), 447. On the other hand, orphans under 14 were still under national and international civilian protection and this is probably why they were still allowed to live in certain sections of the orphanage. Moreover, the Jewish Center, an institution established in 1942, replacing the Jewish Federation, had the obligation to create and administrate orphanages through its assistance section (Regulation for the organization of the Jewish Center, 30 January 1942, art. 11 (c), in Benjamin, The Jews in Romania, 185). The Autonomous Commission of Assistance working under the Jewish Federation and the Center had an important role in all types of social assistance, with funds provided by the Joint Distribution Committee and the International Red Cross. (see Final Report, 218).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=288.8,313.68"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhile erroneously placing the events in August instead of June 1941, Meir refers here to the Pogrom in Iași (27-30 June), which marked the first stage of the physical destruction of Romanian Jews. The pogrom was ordered by Ion Antonescu and organized by the local army, police, gendarmerie and authorities, assisted by German army units, and with the support of a part of the civilian population. The purpose was to cleanse the city of all Jews, as part of the plan of the expulsion of Jews from Moldova, according to the Romanian version of the Final Solution. The mobilization was fueled by false accusations of Jews collaborating with the Soviet army after the city was bombed a couple of days earlier, and by rumors of a Jewish uprising and attacks on Romanian soldiers. The violence started with the arresting, robbing and murdering of the Jews from the outskirts of the city. Then, on June 29, several thousand were gathered in the courtyard of the Police Headquarters in Iași, and shot. This might be the episode Meir witnessed, since the location was also in the city center, close to the orphanage. The last stage of the pogrom was the transportation of Jews with the two death trains (see note 9). The total number of victims of the pogrom in Iași is estimated between 13,000-15,000 Jews. For a synthesis of the events see the Final Report, 120-126. See also Carol Iancu, Alexandru Florian Platon (coord.), Pogromul de la Iaşi şi Holocaustul în România: Le Pogrom de Iaşi et la Shoah en Roumanie (Iași: Editura Universității Al. I. Cuza, 2015). See also the website of a project on the history and memory of the pogrom, coordinated by the “Elie Wiesel” National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania and the Municipality of Iași: https://www.iasi1941.com/en#home.   \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=313.68,366.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe yellow star was a textiles patch in the shape of the Star of David, which during the Holocaust Jews in Europe were forced to wear as a distinctive sign segregating them from the rest of the population. In Romania, it was introduced in the summer of 1941 by the Antonescu regime as part of the wartime anti-Jewish legislation, in the context of accusations that the Jews were enemies of the state and collaborators with the Soviet army. After the Pogrom in Iași, local authorities in several towns in Moldova ordered the wearing of the yellow star. The request was then extended at the national level, by the Ministry of Interior, but after the intervention of Jewish leaders before Antonescu, the order was cancelled. However, despite the abrogation, Jews from some Moldavian towns were still forced to wear the shameful distinctive sign. For a preview of the different types of yellow badges, see https://www.yadvashem.org/artifacts/featured/jewish-badges.html. For the yellow star in Romania, see Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), 31-34.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=432.12,449.82"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe death trains mark the last stage of the Pogrom in Iași (see note 7). On June 30, 1941, thousands of Jews were loaded into two cattle trains, one departed to the town of Călărași, in southern Romania, the other to Podu Iloaiei, 20 km away from Iași. The victims, many already wounded, were placed in overcrowded train cars, with doors and windows sealed. The trains traveled at a very low speed, so the journey to Călărași lasted seven days, while the train to Podu Iloaiei took 8 hours. Many victims died on the way due to the heat and lack of air and water. The train to Călărași stopped at several stations to unload the dead bodies. See the photo album and testimonies published by Radu Ioanid, The Iaşi Pogrom, June–July 1941: A Photo Documentary from the Holocaust in Romania (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017). \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=475.98,501.15"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Iron Guard was the fascist Romanian anti-establishment movement created by Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu in 1927 under the name of the Legionary Movement. Founded in the context of the student movements of the 1920s, the organization was infused with mystical nationalism, peasant populism and antisemitic and anti-democratic sentiments. Its ideology and actions were inspired by the 19th-century antisemitic traditional intellectual discourse and strongly marked by the consequences of the economic crises in 1929-1933 and the rising of the far-right movements in Europe. In the antisemitic legionary propaganda, Jews were accused of exploitation of the Romanian peasant, of being unfair competitors, enemies of the state, and occupiers of the commercial and liberal professions. The Guard was organized similarly to other youth movements in Europe, in sections corresponding to specific ages and territorial units. The members, both male and female, wore distinct uniforms and performed paramilitary training combined with community work. The use of violence was a feature of their political aims. Not only Jews, but also Romanian politicians and others in authority became victims of legionary acts. Though declaring itself an anti-establishment movement, the legionaries took part in local and national elections under the name of the All for the Fatherland Party, securing a large number of votes in the 1937 elections. Legionaries benefited from a large public support backed up by the new generation of Romanian intellectuals, promoters of Romanianism. Over the years, the retaliations of the police against the legionaries were extremely violent, Codreanu himself being murdered in November 1938, while under the escort of the security police. After the fall of the King Carol II regime, the legionaries led by Horia Sima formed, together with Ion Antonescu, the National Legionary State (September 1940-January 1941). During their 6 months of government, they applied brutal discrimination policies and acted violently against the Jewish population. After the Rebellion in January 1941, also known as the Pogrom in Bucharest, Antonescu outlawed the legionaries. There is an extensive scholarship on the Legionary Movement; among more recent titles on the Codreanu era, see Roland Clark, Holly Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania (Cornell University Press, 2015); Oliver Jens Schmitt, Capitan Codreanu: Aufstieg und Fall des rumänischen Faschistenführers (Wien: Paul Zsolnay Verlag, 2016). For the history of the National Legionary State, see the chapter on the topic in Dennis Deletant, Romania, 1916-1941: A Political History (London: Routledge, 2022), 102-119. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=501.15,534.37"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIon Antonescu (1882-1946) was a Romanian general (and later marshal) of the Romanian army, statesman and ruler of the country between 1940-1944. A controversial historical character, he was appointed prime minister with absolute powers by King Carol II in the crisis of wartime. Antonescu governed together with the Iron Guard (September 1940-January 1941) following the king’s abdication. After the Legionary Rebellion in January 1941, he outlawed the Iron Guard, implemented his military dictatorship and applied a series of domestic reforms, benefiting from large public support. As an ally of the Axis, in June 1941 Antonescu joined Nazi Germany in the Barbarossa operation against the Soviet Union, recovering Bukovina and Bessarabia, territories ceded in the summer of 1940. Antonescu continued the application of the racial legislation introduced in 1940 and became the main artisan of the Holocaust in Romania. The Romanian version of the Final Solution was conceived by Antonescu and involved the spoliation of Jews of their properties and civil rights, their expulsion from all areas of society, pogroms, forced labor, and the deportation of Roma and Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia to Transnistria. However, in 1942, Antonescu decided against the deportation of the Jews from the rest of the country to Poland, despite German pressure. The deportations to Transnistria were also suspended in the same year. Antonescu was removed from power during a coup d’etat in August 1944, when Romania turned its weapons against Germany. Antonescu was tried and sentenced to death as a war criminal by the Romanian Communist People’s Court in 1946. For more details about Antonescu as ruler of Romania see Dennis Deletant, Hitler’s Forgotten Ally.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=501.15,534.37"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeder\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew: heder) designates the private elementary school system attended by Jewish children in Eastern Europe since the Middle Ages. At the heder, children received basic knowledge from the canonical sources and learned Hebrew and Jewish religious and cultural values. Though open to children from all social classes, it seems that in practice it was mainly middle-class parents who could afford the tuition fees. The lessons were taught daily by a teacher (melamed) in his own house. Sources indicate that most teachers had limited pedagogical and didactic abilities. The school system was divided into three levels. The entry-level included children around the age of 5 or older. The last level would have graduated around the age of 13-14. Those youngsters intellectually gifted and interested in becoming rabbis continued their studies in the superior school called the yeshiva. During the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the heder school system went through a process of modernization, as the state intervened in the curricula, requiring also a teaching qualification from teachers. The social and political transformation of the period also led to a diminishing of heder attendance, with most students coming especially from the traditional Hasidic communities. For more details see https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Heder. For an in-depth analysis of Jewish education see Mordechai Zalkin, Modernizing Jewish Education in Nineteenth Century Eastern Europe: The School as the Shrine of the Jewish Enlightenment (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2016), especially chapter 2, “The Path to Enlightenment: Education.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=627.34,638.27"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir refers to the air attacks of the Soviet army over Romania in June 1941, when the town of Iași was bombed. On 22 June the Romanian army joined the Nazi attack against the Soviets, in Operation Barbarossa. The Soviet army counterattacked by launching a strategic bombing campaign against Romanian border cities like Iași, which was an important rail connection in the Moldova area and only 20 km away from the Prut river, the front line at that time. After a first air attack over Iași on 24 June, which caused only minor damages, two days later, on 26 June, the bombardment killed 200 civilians. The air attacks continued until the end of July. The air raids fostered paranoia and rumors that the Jews were signaling Soviet pilots, bolstering the anti-Jewish violence that culminated a couple of days later in the Pogrom in Iași. For details about the Soviet counterattack in June 1941 and the connection with the anti-Jewish violence, see Grant T. Harward, Romania’s Holy War: Soldiers, Motivation and the Holocaust (Ithaca and London: Cornel University Press, 2021), Chapter 4, “1941: Holy War and Holocaust.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=710.12,745.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir correctly points out here the social and economic disparities of interwar Romania that also fueled the so-called economic antisemitism. A decade after the Great Union in 1918, Romania was still an agrarian country with 80% of the population living in villages and 50% illiterate; a society deeply politicized, divided, affected by inefficient reforms and economic and social crises; a multiethnic society whose diversity was featured as a burden by the predominant nationalist propaganda; a society marked by the rising of the far-right discourse pointing to scapegoats – mainly Jews – for its structural problems. The Jews reached 4% of the total population, but a higher percentage in urban areas (13.6%), having also a large presence in education, commerce and the liberal professions. At the same time, the new state lacked an autochthonous urban middle class and the mainstream nationalist discourse proposed that the Romanian element should prevail over the more educated and urbanized ethnic groups. Thus, Jews were targeted as the internal enemy that blocked the access of Romanians to welfare. For a broader analysis of the social transformations of the new national states in interwar Europe, see Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), especially Part I. “Rethinking nationhood and nationalism.” For an analysis of how antisemitism deflects the blame for the structural problems of society, see Victor Karady, The Jews of Europe in the Modern Era: A Socio-historical Outline (Budapest, New York: CEU Press, 2004), 317-324.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=785.35,811.31"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Final Report, the estimated number of the victims in the Iași pogrom is 13,000-15,000 (see note on Iasi pogrom, June 27-30, 1941).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=812.6,836.66"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJudeo-Bolshevism, or the Communist-Jewish conspiracy, was a central theme of fascist ideology and one of the main accusations against the Jews in Romania too. This cliché was built on certain objective facts that were manipulated by the nationalist discourse in such ways that Jews could be perceived as enemies of the state who destabilized public order. In reality, there was a certain appetence of a part of the Jews for the labor movement in the interwar period, due to its multiethnic, internationalist and integrationist character in contrast to the exclusivist political nationalism arising everywhere else. The Communist Party was the only non-ethnic political platform that reacted against Romanianization policies and antisemitism and thus became a pole of attraction for a part of the non-religious Jews. However, at the same time, it has to be acknowledged that most of the Jews didn’t join labor movements; that those who joined the Communist Party didn’t enroll as representatives of Jewish society; and the fact that their proportion was high within the party did not mean that all Jews were communists. Moreover, the total number of members of the outlawed Communist Party was small before 1945. In times of war, due to the increased paranoia of the population, the Judeo-Bolshevik/Communist cliché turned into “an endemic political and media psychosis,” propagated both by the political discourse of Ion Antonescu and the media. For an in-depth analysis of the myth of Judeo-Bolshevism, see Paul Hanebrink, A Specter Hunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2018). For details about how the myth was propagated in the Romanian press during World War II, see the section dedicated in the Final Report, 89-107.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=812.6,836.66"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir refers here to the secret non-aggression Ribbentrop-Molotov pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, signed in August 1939 and stipulating the partition between the two powers of certain territories in Eastern Europe. As a result, in June 1940, northern Bukovina and Bessarabia were ceded without a fight by Romania to the Soviet Union, after an ultimatum that shocked the country. Following the June 1940 Soviet ultimatum, the Judeo-Bolshevism thesis began to be even more obsessively propagated. The positive reaction of some Jews to the Soviet annexation was taken as confirmation of their adherence to Communism. The provocations of the Soviet soldiers together with attacks of the local population, including Jews, against the retreating Romanian army left a deep humiliation and resentment on soldiers and public opinion in general in Romania. A year later, in June 1941, when Romania joined the German attack on the Soviet Union, this was used as a pretext for revenge, on the one hand, and for identifying the Jew as an enemy of the state, on the other. For further details on the episode of the Romanian army retreat, see the Final Report, 71-87. For a vivid description of the social transformations and daily life of Jews in Northern Bukovina after the Soviet annexation in 1940, see the memoirs of Pearl Fichman, Before Memories Fade (New York, 1989).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=837.4,875.48"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Second World War, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Romanian National Society of the Red Cross under the patronage of Queen Elena placed orphan children under their protection. The buildings and properties that served as orphanages thus became in theory neutral areas, but the situation was more complicated with the nationalized buildings formerly belonging to Jewish communities. This was probably also the case with the orphanage where Meir lived. No research to date reveals the situation in practice of the former Jewish orphanages in Romania during the war. For some details on the protection of Jewish children under the ICRC, see the case study of PAX Orphanage from Hungary in Gergely Kunt, The Children’s Republic of Gaudiopolis: The History and Memory of a Budapest Children’s Home for Holocaust and War Orphans (1945-1950), trans. by Maya J. Lo Bello (Budapest: CEU Press, 2022), especially the section “Hungary’s Protestant Churches and the International Red Cross’s Attempts to Rescue Children,” 21-46.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=970.5,996.55"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIași was occupied just before the war ended, in August 1944, by the Soviet army in an offensive against the Axis. Since the front was so close to the city, Meir and the other orphans might have been sent to Bucharest as a protection measure. After Romania changed sides and entered Moscow’s sphere of influence, the Soviet Army was stationed in Romania for 14 years. See the section on Romania in the collection of archive documents on the topic in Csaba Békés et al. (eds.), Soviet Occupation of Romania, Hungary and Austria 1944/45-1948/49 (Budapest: CEU Press, 2015).    \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1051.43,1085.24"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Cossacks are a militaristic East-Slavic population, connected with the history and culture of Russia and Ukraine since the Middle Ages. In the 19th and 20th centuries they constituted an important military force for the Tsarist regime. Cossack-based units fought also during World War II as part of the Soviet army. While the Cossack myth within Russian or Ukrainian culture would connect this group with an ideal of heroism, defenders of the Motherland, for those who fell victims of the Cossacks, the myth associates them as the enemy and with extreme violence. Moreover, anti-Jewish pogroms carried out by Cossacks in the 17th century, in modern Ukraine, became part of the Jewish collective memory, and this is how the negative image was reproduced by Meir’s testimony. For a history of the Cossacks, see Serhii Plokhy, The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1085.24,1111.74"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA port city on the Black Sea in South-East Romania, Constanța was an important gate for emigration to Palestine, usually via Turkey, for Jews from Romania and the neighboring countries, before, during and after World War II. Romanian authorities were open in general to Jewish emigration, but aliyah depended also on the international political context. During the war, emigration was hindered by the opposition of Germany, the closed borders of the Western states and the political situation in Palestine under the British mandate. Even though the conditions of travel were unsafe, in improper private ships, and required money and visas, emigration from Constanța harbor provided an escape route for around 3,000 Jews. Unfortunately, not all arrived at destination, as some of the ships sank on route. For details on aliyah waves from Romania, see Dalia Ofer, Escaping the Holocaust: Illegal Immigration to the Land of Israel, 1939-1944 (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), Chapter 13, 238-266, and Adina Babeș, “Romanian Jewish Emigration in the 1940s,” in Holocaust. Study and Research 1(6) (2013): 32-42.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1200.83,1237.52"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir mentions here the sinking of the boat \u003cem\u003eStruma\u003c/em\u003e. However, this tragedy took place in 1942, so Meir could not have embarked on this boat. In 1944, around the time he left for Palestine, another tragic sinking took place, that of the Mefkure boat. \u003cem\u003eStruma\u003c/em\u003e left Constanța harbor in difficult technical conditions in December 1941 and arrived in Istanbul, but the passengers didn’t receive visas for Palestine from the British authorities. The boat remained in quarantine for two months and then the Turkish police sent the boat back to sea. Shortly after, it was torpedoed, and out of 767 passengers, only 1 survived. Though the Germans were considered responsible for the torpedo, it seems that the tragedy was accidentally provoked by a Soviet submarine. Two years later, in August 1944, the three boats Mefkure, Morina and Bulbul left Constanța harbor for Palestine under Turkish and Red Cross flags. Mefkure was torpedoed by a Soviet submarine and out of the 301 passengers (most of them Jews), only 11 survived and were taken into the other two boats. For details about these tragedies, see Dalia Ofer, Escaping the Holocaust, on the \u003cem\u003eStruma\u003c/em\u003e see Chapter 8, 147-165 and on Mefkure see Chapter 13, 260-266. See also https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/quot-struma-quot-illegal-immigration-ship.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1237.52,1274.71"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIstanbul, a neutral city and the capital of Turkey, was a communication pole and the transit destination of the boats that sailed to Palestine. During the war, the Jewish Agency Office and the Rescue Committee carried out most of their activities from this city, communicating and providing aid to the Jews in Europe. See Dalia Ofer, Escaping the Holocaust, 207.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1355.78,1390.61"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe British mandate: Great Britain’s administration of Palestine between 1922-1948, under a mandate created by the League of Nations, initially intending for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. During the British mandate, Jewish and Arab communities ran their own internal affairs and their economic, educational and social institutions, though in a segregated ethno-national manner. Under the Arab pressure that culminated with the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939, the Mandatory government restricted immigration and acquisition of land by Jews, through The White Papers signed in 1930 and 1939. Closing the borders for Jews in times when Nazi policies started to affect even the communities outside Germany increased the animosity between the Yishuv (the Jewish settler community of Palestine) and the British authorities. Still, the Jewish population increased during the Mandate due to immigration from Diaspora, especially after 1933, reaching at the outbreak of the 1948 Independence War around 600,000 Jews, compared the much smaller number of 56,000 Jews at the end of World War I. For a concise history of the Mandate period, pointing out the failures of the British government, see D.K. Fieldhouse, Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 151-219. See also B. Wasserstein, The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and the Arab-Jewish Conflict 1917-1929 (New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing, 1991).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1543.46,1569.45"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKibbutz\u003c/em\u003e (Hebrew: communal settlement): the Jewish rural community developed as a social form of organization in Palestine from the beginning of the 20th century. The society was built on socialist principles of equality, mutual aid, social justice and joint ownership of property, and was based mainly on the practice of agriculture. The founders of the first kibbutzim (plural) were Jewish settlers, pioneers from Eastern Europe, arriving in Eretz Israel to build a new way of life, albeit in a hostile environment, different from that in which they had grown up. Besides the communal daily life, in the context of the establishment of the state of Israel, kibbutz members were also involved in national matters regarding emigration, defense and agricultural development. It is this period that marked also the youth of Meir. For details about the organization and history of the kibbutz, see https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-the-kibbutz-movement. See also Henry Near, Kibbutz Movement: A History, Origins and Growth, 1909-1939 (Liverpool: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, Liverpool University Press, 2007), vol. 1.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1569.45,1576.47"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYishuv life was characterized by an active Zionist political activity, with parties covering different aspects of life, from territorial and national matters to social aims and the tense relations with the Arabs. Political parties were involved in most aspects of public life, including the education and training of youth. Political affiliation gave access to jobs and social security for young Jews. This is why Meir mentions that he was trying to find the right party that could fulfill his principles and needs. The main political orientations within Zionism were the workers’ parties (left), the civic bloc (center), the Revisionists (right), and religious parties. The Labor Party (Mapai) led by David Ben-Gurion was the largest and strongest party, controlling the local Zionist policy. Jewish workers also created the Histadrut, a Federation of Jewish Laborers in Palestine, complementing the political activity of the Yishuv and with its own institutions, including the paramilitary underground organization Hagana, involved in the organization of illegal immigration of Jews to Palestine. The Revisionist Party led by Zeev Jabotinsky rejected moderate socialism and advocated more decisive measures against the Arabs and the British. The Revisionists created the New Zionist Organization, with its own institutions and military organization called the Irgun. Mizrachi was one of the important Zionist religious parties. Outside Zionism, there were the secular left-wing groups and the largest Orthodox religious party, Agudat Yisrael. For a broad view of Jewish political parties in Israel, see https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/israeli-political-parties. See also M. Roshwald, “Political Parties and Social Classes in Israel,” in Social Research 23, 2 (1956): 199-218.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1578.15,1611.74"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDespite his Zionist beliefs, it seems that upon his arrival in Palestine, based on his statement about practicing the religious tradition, Meir was recruited by the religious Agudat Yisrael party. Founded at the beginning of the 20th century in Poland, this party initially positioned itself in opposition to Zionism. As a political platform, it represented ultra-orthodox Jewry, promoting an anti-secular regulation of all aspects of life and religious observation in the public sphere. For details on religious parties in Israel, with a description of how Agudat Yisrael later transformed into United Torah Judaism, see Hayim Katsman and Guy Ben-Porat, “Israel. Political parties,” in Jeffrey Haynes (ed.), The Routledge Handbook to Religion and Political Parties (London, New York: Routledge, 2020), 313-323.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1671.2,1681.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThough Meir doesn’t mention being a member of a Zionist youth organization in Iași, he was probably in contact with Zionists of his age in the orphanage or in other environments. This is one of the aspects that the interviewer fails to clarify during the recording. In any case, the revival of the Zionist organizations in Romania occurred in the 1930s and Iași was an active center. Zionist adults were involved in collecting money for the Zionist funds, organizing an agricultural training center (hachshara), publishing periodicals and teaching Hebrew. In 1925, the student Zionist organization Hasmonea was spreading Zionist ideology and the Hebrew language among the Jewish youth of the town. See “Iași – Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Romania,” vol. 1, in Pinkas Hakehillot Romania, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_romania/rom1_00142.html.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1693.1,1718.03"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[1] The pogrom in Bucharest of 21-23 January 1941 was planned during the Legionary rebellion against Ion Antonescu, marking the end of the short government of the National Legionary State (see note 10). Armed legionaries occupied public institutions and police stations while the army led by Antonescu attempted to regain control over the city. In the meantime, Jewish neighborhoods suffered violent attacks, with homes, businesses and synagogues burned by the legionaries, who were supported also by ordinary civilians. Hundreds of Jews were arrested and tortured. A ferocious episode took place at the slaughterhouse in Bucharest, where a couple of Jews were killed and hanged on the hooks of the slaughterers. Tens of Jews were driven to the Jilava forest, where they were shot and mutilated. The Bucharest pogrom ended with over 120 dead Jewish victims. The rebellion was suppressed by Antonescu with German army support and the legionaries were outlawed and removed from power. See Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania, 52-60.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1824.76,1866.85"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe ideology of the anti-establishment Legionary movement was supported by a large portion of the intellectuals of interwar Romania. The Romanian political class was unable to handle the many varieties of social and economic crises that radicalized society, and the young generation blamed the decadence of modern times and looked for solutions in a “national resurrection” and an idealized national nostalgia, which were promoted by the legionaries. This approach defined the nation on traditionalist ethnic grounds, with the Christian-Orthodox spirituality and the Romanian peasant as the main elements of the Romanian identity. Antisemitism as part of the legionary ideology was also embraced by intellectuals, who considered Jews as not fitting the national ideal and corrupting authentic Romanian values. Moreover, anti-democratic, totalitarian views were mobilized by the rising far-right dictatorships in Europe. There is vast research on the radicalization of young intellectuals (especially the generational leaders Mircea Eliade and Emil Cioran) in interwar Romania. For a general view, see Jean Ancel, The History of the Holocaust in Romania (Lincoln, Jerusalem: University of Nebraska Press, Yad Vashem, 2011), Chapter “The Rhinocerization of the Romanian Intelligentia,” 51-55. See also Cristina A. Bejan, Intellectuals and Fascism in Interwar Romania: The Criterion Association (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1896.4,1922.53"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir refers here to the Zionist youth underground movement, active in Bucharest during the Second World War. At this time (2023), there are no comprehensive studies on the movement in Romania. Zionist youth organizations were officially disbanded in 1942 by the Antonescu regime, following abolition of the adult Zionist Organization. However, from this time Zionist adults and youth both continued their rescue actions, helping the deported Jews in Transnistria or facilitating the border crossing for other refugee Jews. According to the archive documents of the Secret Police in Romania, the most active youth organizations were Dror, Gordonia and Hanoar Hatzioni, who intensified their activities in 1943 in cooperation with delegates of the Jewish Agency in Istanbul and Geneva. Meir collaborated as a courier in Bucharest with one of these movements. For some general discussion of the efforts of the Jewish Agency and collaboration with the Zionist underground in Europe, see Dalia Ofer, Escaping the Holocaust.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=1957.16,1998.58"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIași was not only a center for Yiddish literature but also the location of the well-known Yiddish Jewish theater, established in 1876 at the Green Tree Garden close to the Romanian National Theater by the Ukrainian writer Avram Goldfaden. Attracting a large audience, this was the first venue in the world to produce modern Yiddish theater. The venue was destroyed by a fire and rebuilt in 1911. A new Jewish theater band performed from then until the Second World War. On the early history of the Jewish Theater in Iași, see Alyssa Quint, The Rise of the Modern Yiddish Theater (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2019), 47-86.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2156.86,2167.63"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eA yeshiva is an educational religious institution for rabbinic learning for male Jewish youngsters, created in ancient times in Palestine and Babylon and further developed in Northern Africa and Europe. A general decline of yeshiva attendance was registered in 19th-century Europe as a consequence of modernization and the demands for more secular knowledge. This phenomenon led to the creation of the modern yeshiva, with main centers in Poland and Lithuania. See https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/yeshiva. See also William B. Helmreich, The World of the Yeshiva: An Intimate Portrait of Orthodox Jewry (‎New York: Ktav Pub \u0026amp; Distributors Inc., 2000).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2242.42,2260.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the aftermath of World War II, the British opted for the creation in Palestine of an independent state with a Jewish minority, limiting Jewish immigration quotas. This led to the deterioration of Yishuv-British relations and to conflicts that turned violent. In 1945-1948 the Yishuv defied the British authorities by organizing illegal emigration to Palestine and establishing new settlements. Military terrorist operations against British targets became more intense. Following the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the partition of Palestine in November 1947, adopted in a context aggravated also by the survivors’ refugee crisis, Great Britain announced the closing of its mandate over Palestine. 15 months later, Great Britain evacuated Palestine and, on 14 May 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed. The resolution stirred violence between the Jews and the Arabs who rejected the partition. The Arabs attacked Jewish settlements and violence escalated into a war between Jews and the Arab League, with Britain not involved in the conflict. Jews counterattacked violently, expanding their territory and destroying Arab villages, while Arabs fled in mases to Lebanon, Syria and what is today the West Bank. In 1949, a series of armistice agreements took place under UN auspices, establishing the borders of Israel. See D.K. Fieldhouse, Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 190-196.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2261.06,2300.19"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn 8 December 1948, the first attack of the Arabs was on a suburb of Tel Aviv and outlying settlements. This might be the settlement Meir refers to.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2300.19,2349.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eQueen Elena (Helen of Greece and Denmark) (1896-1982) was the queen mother of King Michael I, son of King Carol II and the king of Romania during the Antonescu regime. Queen Elena was involved in humanitarian acts, collaborating with humanitarian institutions and important political figures in favor of the Jewish victims during World War II. She was one of the key figures who attempted to convince Antonescu to stop the deportations to Transnistria. In 1993 she was awarded Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem. See Carol Iancu, “Chief Rabbi Alexander Safran and Queen Mother Elena,” in Studia Hebraica, 8 (2008): 335-344.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2637.21,2672.17"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir was excluded from school as a consequence of the racial laws implemented by the Gigurtu government, which started in August 1940, under the final stage of the royal dictatorship, and continued with updates during the Antonescu regime. The legislation defined Jews in the spirit of the Nuremberg laws and excluded them from all spheres of public life, including public education, allowing training only in Jewish private schools. Decree no. 153377 of August 29, 1940 stipulated that no more than 6% of the students in class could be Jewish (numerus clausus), while a later provision (Decree-law no. 3438 of October 11, 1940) excluded Jewish students and teachers from all levels of the education system (numerus nullus). On the antisemitic legislation in Romania see Final Report, 181-203. See also Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania, 19-36.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=2912.91,2926.8"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eYouth Aliyah was a Zionist organization created in 1933 by Recha Freier, funded and supervised by the World Zionist Organization, and in charge of rescuing Jewish youth from Nazi Germany. The children were transported to Palestine and educated in boarding schools in kibbutzim. After the Second World War, almost 15,000 children from all over Europe, mostly Holocaust survivors, emigrated through Youth Aliyah, including Meir. See details and archive documents of one of the coordinating members in Dorothy Kahn Bar-Adon, “Youth Aliyah,” in Esther Carmel-Hakim and Nancy Rosenfeld, Writing Palestine 1933-1950 (Brighton: Academic Studies Press, 2016), 233-263.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3186.88,3219.25"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMeir was a soldier in the Independence War of 1948.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3253.9,3266.78"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePetah Tikva is a city in Israel, established by religious Jews from Jerusalem at the end of the 19th century. It was the home for many settlers from Europe who built there one of the first cooperative villages (moshav), known as the first modern agricultural settlement in Palestine. See https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/petah-tikvah.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3273.52,3294.49"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYarmulka\u003c/em\u003e or kippah is a textile that covers the head of Jewish men, suggesting piety and humbleness before God. Instituted in Talmudic times, the \u003cem\u003eyarmulka\u003c/em\u003e is today a sign of religiousness, indicating also political and religious affiliation. For details see https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/kippah-yarmulke.  \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3334.41,3334.66"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658/annotation_set/1679/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDaven\u003c/em\u003e is the Yiddish for “pray” (Hebrew: “Tefillah”) and refers to the Jewish prayer recitation, which involves is introspection on the individual’s role in the universe and his relation to God. For observant Jews, prayer is an integral part of everyday life. For details see David Brofsky, Hilchot Tefila: A Comprehensive Guide to the Laws of Daily Prayer (‎New York: KTAV Publishing House, 2010).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57658#t=3334.66,3346.21"}]}]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - open-uri20191129-29465-4vqa8f.mov"]},"duration":847.11833,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/057/659/small/open-uri20191129-29465-4vqa8f_1575072747.jpg?1575072748","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-fortunoff.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/057/659/original/open-uri20191129-29465-4vqa8f.mov?1575072747","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":847.11833,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English Transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Arabs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=0.09,0.54"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=0.54,0.84"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e With the horse-- that was 1948. OK? So after I finished the army, then I-- I went to, uh, to Israel Merchant Marine, they're just starting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=0.84,16.02"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So as a Merchant Marine, you didn't have to go into the monthly service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=16.02,19.83"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=19.83,21.49"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[INTERPOSING VOICES]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=21.49,21.69"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. Because I say I'm by myself. I have no-- I have no family, nobody. No brother, no mother, no father, no-- no nobody. So I don't want to push my luck more. But then I went-- I joined the Merchant Marine, and we used to bring arms from Europe to Israel, from-- it was special ships. I can go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=21.69,51.02"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=51.02,51.53"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e But-- and well, the Merchant Marine I was advent-- it was I served the part-- partly, like I say, supply to the Jewish, for the State of Israel. And many, many years I was in the Merchant Marine, about 10 years, till I-- I went to South Africa. I was in South Africa. I was sick. I was the hospital. I had my appendix out. And I-- I met a nurse over there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=51.53,92.15"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we got married. But she was Gentile, and it didn't work out. After a couple years, we came to the States. I thought it is going to work out here, because at this time the Jewish in Israel didn't want the Jewish to intermarriage.  It was very, very hard to, uh, to what do you call it? To be absorbed or to be recognized. So that's why I thought the US would be different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=92.15,123.7"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after many years, it didn't-- the cultural gap between us was very-- it was a very big apart. So we did-- she didn't like it here. I like it here. And the communication was another part. So I-- so we got divorced. And a couple years later, I met my-- my wife, which is present wife, which we are very happy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=123.7,152.38"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And the results of--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=152.38,154.32"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And the results from the last-- the results--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=154.32,157.93"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's see some grandchildren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=157.93,159.07"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's see some--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=159.07,160.36"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Grandchildren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=160.36,161.62"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e And I have--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=161.62,163.3"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Maybe you can hold them up to the camera. Can you hold them up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=163.3,165.95"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, can I hold them up? My-- it was the first, my--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=165.95,176.92"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Good, that's better. We can see the face.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=176.92,178.9"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e OK?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=178.9,179.8"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And who is this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=179.8,180.65"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Her name is [? Cheryl. ?] That one is [? Cheryl. ?]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=180.65,184.81"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And she is your daughter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=184.81,186.37"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e She's my, no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=186.37,187.42"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Your granddaughter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=187.42,187.69"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e She's my-- my-- my granddaughter from second-- my second marriage, adopted granddaughter. And that's my wife's daughter, my second wife's daughter, Phyllis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=187.69,201.04"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's our first grandchild, Eileen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=201.04,205.4"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Married.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=205.4,206.14"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Married recently. And that is Paul. The only one boy grand-- grandson. [INAUDIBLE]. And that's from my-- my own daughter. That's [? Neyal. ?]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=206.14,226.07"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do they live in Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=226.07,227.46"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e They live-- no. They live in Florida.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=227.46,229.79"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=229.79,230.33"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Down in Florida. That's the kids. And that's from my-- that's another grandchild, [? Laura. ?] And this is Jennifer, Jenny. And that is Emily, bigger. And this one, Catherine. Who is four years old. And this one, Elizabeth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=230.33,263.27"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Lovely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=263.27,264.43"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e [INAUDIBLE]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=264.43,266.61"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e We have two more, but I don't have the picture with me. I have-- nine from my second marriage, and two from my first marriage--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=266.61,278.18"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=278.18,278.89"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e --to the other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=278.89,280.28"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Reichman, could you-- could you comment a little bit on how your-- how you feel your experiences have shaped you as a person, being a survivor, having gone through what you did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=280.28,291.68"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCREW:\u003c/strong\u003e [INAUDIBLE]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=291.68,295.53"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e The-- the first years after I-- I passed, and I start a new life, I wanted to forget the past. As an orphan, I will say as an orphan, it was for me, easier to forget than if I will be raised on a normal household, raised with the family, but-- and with parents, mother, father, and so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=295.53,328.21"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later on, after many years, I thought about till-- till about three years, four years ago, three years, '89, '89. I happen to be involved in an accident, which head-on collision. The big guy-- it was a big truck, hit me straight on me. And I got very shocked, very trauma. And it happened to be a big man, a big Polish man, which reminds me of one of the Romanian Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=328.21,372.35"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he stepped out, look at me. I look at him. It was all gray. He stepped out from the back-- from his truck, and he collapsed in front of me, and he died. He was nearly dead. He was shaking and everything. And the cops come, took him to the hospital. And later on, he died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=372.35,395.54"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I had nightmares back, when I saw all the-- all the deaths during the-- during the years in Romanian in front of me, and then during the war, and the liberation of state of Palestine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=395.54,413.61"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I become-- I have a lot of nightmares, which I went, and I-- everything came back to me. Up to that point, I forgot everything. I didn't want to--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=413.61,424.14"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Talk about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=424.14,424.68"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e I-- I have a new life, and I, especially the last-- my new marriage was beautiful. So at once, I got everything come back to me. And I went to a consult, I went to psychiatrist. I want to help, and I start getting more and more open, even to my second wife. I never told her what how-- happened to me during the Holocaust, how I survived all the-- all the years, and what misery I had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=424.68,463.36"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's why later on I start to open up. And I will say that today I feel much better. I'm not-- I'm not ashamed to, uh, to share my-- my-- my experience. And I'm not ashamed to hide anything, the opposite. I find out that what more you hide, more hurt you're going to get. It's better to-- to tell everything, to be open, and to share your experience, and to tell the people, to remind them. Because human nature as a defense, is very quick to forget what happened yesterday, even in our modern times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=463.36,517.73"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are not supposed to forget. We are supposed to remind, and talk about it, and talk about it. Till there's not going to be, again, a Holocaust, what happened to us. That's what I want to tell my story. And that's what I feel, as a-- as a human being up till the way you [INAUDIBLE]. I can explain to him in my own-- of course my English is not so good. I thought I missed many words. I cannot express myself exactly. I can--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=517.73,552.72"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You managed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=552.72,553.17"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e --connection the way I-- but that's how I feel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=553.17,558.83"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You conveyed that without any problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=558.83,562.11"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=562.11,563.53"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And the feeling, and the feel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=563.53,566.48"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=566.48,567.72"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you. Is there anything that you might like to add that we didn't touch on, or that in talking may have come up, and you weren't able to-- to--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=567.72,579.3"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well another episode, not from the Holocaust, but from-- this I will say that's part of my survival itself. When I was in the Merchant Marine, I was stuck in Cuba during the revolution when Castro took over from Batista.  And there was fighting there. I was for three weeks with a boat stuck over there, and they was shooting all over us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=579.3,606.99"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after three weeks, then we-- then when Castro come in, and everything quiet down, and then they ask me if I want to join the revolution. I happened to have the picture. I didn't brought it, from the 29 Julio the 29. That's the day of the-- I happened to have the picture. I didn't bought, I just remember that. So in my lifetime, I survived this. So I think that's enough for--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=606.99,642.3"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I'm sure it is. I'm sure it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=642.3,648.33"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe you'd like to end with describing that experience you had when you spoke at Temple Sinai, and the woman who came up to you afterwards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=648.33,656.64"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=656.64,657.18"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e That was very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=657.18,659.59"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a couple of weeks ago recently in Yom HaShoah, I was invited to the Holocaust group survivor, which I belong in Long Island. They asked me if I want to speak at-- at the temple. I say yes. So we went there, and I spoke what happened to my-- my town, the atrocity, what the German and the Romanian did. And there were the two women, which after I finished speaking, they come to me and they told me they just returned from Romania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=659.59,695.13"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They went over there to find the roots of her mother. That she was more than 100 years, she couldn't make the trip. She sent her daughter with the granddaughter to find where she was born, in the city Iasi. It happened that her son, he was one of the-- was-- was one of the supervisor of the election for the Romanian government, to have the Democratic election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=695.13,729.55"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was there for more than two weeks, and she spoke to many people, and none of them ever told her that there happened any Jewish atrocity or Jewish were killed in the city, only one man mentioned to her, that yes, my grandfather told me something about it. But there was no-- not any memorable, any plaque, or any statue, or anything, what happened to the beautiful Jewish community we used to be in the city Iasi in Romania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=729.55,766.84"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So after I told her, she came to me and she said, you opened my eyes. She was with tears. She told me, it's the first time that you-- you told the story that we never heard about it before. So that's what I want to-- to in conclusion, to say that, yes, I touched somebody, which they know the truth. And then the rabbi himself and many people over there, come to me and that was very, very much touched, because this, they say we got to speak up, and that really happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=766.84,803.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. On that note, thank you very, very much--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=803.5,810.52"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMEIR REICHMAN:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=810.52,810.85"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659/transcript/73465/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e --for talking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/2627/file/57659#t=810.85,847.11833"}]}]}]}