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shaped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=406.05,408.149"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31613/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by racial barriers and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=408.15,410.189"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31613/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"limitations on their civil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=410.19,412.469"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31613/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and human rights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=412.47,413.609"}]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31613","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31613/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/613/original/The_Rise_of_Jim_Crow.vtt?1627919603","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/031/613/original/The_Rise_of_Jim_Crow.vtt?1627919603"}]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31614","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English Transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31614/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Jim Crow was a legal and social system of racial segregation in the South that lasted from the 1870s to the 1960s. It made African-Americans second-class citizens by violating their basic constitutional rights. So how did the United States establish this system? In 1863, in the midst of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which essentially granted freedom to all people held in bondage within the Confederate states of the South. However, it took two more years of war-- and the downfall of the Confederacy-- before this freedom became U.S. law. \n\n\n\nANNA DUENSING ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=1.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31614/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Now, slavery had defined black people as property, not as citizens. So in the years immediately after the war, from 1865 to 1877, which is a period known as \"Reconstruction,\" northern lawmakers passed a series of constitutional amendments that essentially formalized the terms of Black freedom. The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution were an attempt by Congress to define U.S. citizenship and extend the constitutional rights afforded to all citizens to freed people and to Black Americans more generally. These amendments abolished slavery. They defined some of the rights and protections that U.S. citizens have, and they banned voting restrictions on the basis of race. \n\n\n\nANNA DUENSING ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=47.0,103.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31614/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Yet the United States had been shaped by slavery since its founding. Although Black Americans were clear in their demands for full citizenship and equal rights, especially the right to vote, the right to hold office, and the right to live without facing discrimination, many white people wanted to limit the terms of Black freedom. Many, in fact, especially throughout the South, wanted to restore the full conditions of slavery. So Northern politicians passed these amendments in part because they recognized the growing efforts of white southerners to achieve this goal. One of the earliest efforts of white southerners were \"Black Codes,\" these were laws passed across the postwar south that forced Black Americans to work for their former enslavers. It also limited their freedom of movement in a really serious way. Another early practice that restricted Black freedom was sharecropping. Sharecropping is a system of farm labor that kept Black farmers tied to white-owned land, and also indebted to white landowners over a long period of time. \n\n\n\nANNA DUENSING ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=103.0,183.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31614/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" The white south also used violence and intimidation to limit Black citizenship. In late 1865, a group of former Confederates formed a terrorist organization called the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan was one of the earliest and certainly one of the most notorious vehicles for white resistance to black freedom. Lynching was another. Lynchings were public murders carried out by white mobs, many acting with the support of the police. Lynching served to punish breaches in Jim Crow policies using the most sadistic means possible. Scholars estimate that over 3,400 Black people were lynched during the Jim Crow era, though those were only the murders that were recorded. The actual number is very likely far higher. And Southern whites did all of this in direct defiance of federal laws, of these constitutional amendments. Sometimes they would try to follow the law, to seem to follow the law, but they actively defied these laws within their local communities on a day to day basis. \n\n\n\nANNA DUENSING ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=183.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31614/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Now, despite this growing white backlash, Black men and women worked to claim equal citizenship and define their freedom under their terms. They searched for loved ones separated by slavery to rebuild their family networks. They established churches, schools, and businesses. They staged protests and made their voices heard on the streets and in the courts. More than half a million black men became voters in the South during the 1870s. Black men also ran for office. Sixteen were elected to Congress during Reconstruction and around 1,500 held positions at the state level. \n\n\n\nANNA DUENSING ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=255.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31614/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" In the same moment, though, in the 1870s and 1880s, white southerners intensified their campaign to strip Black citizens of their rights and their political power. At the same time, the white north was growing less invested in securing full citizenship for Black Americans. All of this culminated in 1896 with a Supreme Court ruling known as Plessy vs. Ferguson. In Louisiana, a black man named Homer Plessy had challenged the legality of segregated railroad cars and was promptly arrested. In court, his lawyers argued that states did not have the right to label one citizen white and another Black, for the purposes of restricting their rights. Yet the Supreme Court ruled against them. The court declared that racial segregation was constitutional, and this decision was the moment that the federal government legitimized the system of Jim Crow segregation that the white south had been fighting for all of those years. The case was the legal justification from then on for the rapid expansion of segregation into all aspects of public life in the South. \n\n\n\nANNA DUENSING ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=298.0,376.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726/transcript/31614/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" In the wake of this 1896 verdict, many Black Americans chose to flee the south altogether. Over the next sixty years, five million Black southerners left for the north and west, settling in major cities like New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and Los Angeles. Living beyond the Jim Crow South, they did face fewer legal restrictions and more economic opportunities. However, they still navigated a world, a country shaped by racial barriers and limitations on their civil and human rights. \n\n","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/47478/file/120726#t=376.0,414.54931"}]}]}]}