{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/hm52f7kj6m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Event: The Moral Witness"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/005/original/Fortunoff-Logo.png?1549333634","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eOn April 22, 2019, the Fortunoff Video Archive hosted a panel of academics examining Professor Carolyn Dean's book titled  \u003cem\u003eThe Moral Witness: Trials and Testimony after Genocide\u003c/em\u003e. Professor Dean shows how “the witness became a protagonist of twentieth-century moral culture by tracing the emergence of this figure in courtroom battles from the 1920s to the 1960s―covering the Armenian genocide, the Ukrainian pogroms, the Soviet Gulag, and the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Panelists included Thomas Keenan, Hannah Pollin-Galay, Michael Roth, and Adam Stern, with the panel being moderated by Samuel Moyn. This lecture was part of the archive’s 2019 event series, commemorating 40 years of recording Holocaust testimonies at Yale University.\u003c/p\u003e (Summary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2019-04-22 (Created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (Primary)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eOn April 22, 2019, the Fortunoff Video Archive hosted a panel of academics examining Professor Carolyn Dean's book titled\u0026nbsp; \u003cem\u003eThe Moral Witness: Trials and Testimony after Genocide\u003c/em\u003e. Professor Dean shows how \u0026ldquo;the witness became a protagonist of twentieth-century moral culture by tracing the emergence of this figure in courtroom battles from the 1920s to the 1960s―covering the Armenian genocide, the Ukrainian pogroms, the Soviet Gulag, and the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Panelists included Thomas Keenan, Hannah Pollin-Galay, Michael Roth, and Adam Stern, with the panel being moderated by Samuel Moyn. This lecture was part of the archive\u0026rsquo;s 2019 event series, commemorating 40 years of recording Holocaust testimonies at Yale University.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/005/original/Fortunoff-Logo.png?1549333634","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/541/small/Moral_Witness_4-22-19.mp4_1622824149.jpg?1622809752","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Moral_Witness_4-22-19.mp4"]},"duration":3296.768,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/541/small/Moral_Witness_4-22-19.mp4_1622824149.jpg?1622809752","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-fortunoff.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/116/541/original/Moral_Witness_4-22-19.mp4?1622809729","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3296.768,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English Captions [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OK. Thank you all for coming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1.167,2.926"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My name is Stephen Naron.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=4.217,5.217"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm the director of the Fortunoff Video","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=5.297,6.586"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Archive for Holocaust Testimonies here at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=6.587,8.356"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=8.357,9.357"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the sixth event in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=9.617,11.724"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Fortunoff Archives 2019 event series","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=11.867,14.627"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marking 40 years of recording testimony","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=15.197,17.626"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in New Haven. And indeed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=17.657,19.037"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Archives predecessor project, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=19.847,21.736"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holocaust Survivors Film Project, began","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=21.737,23.476"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taping testimony in New Haven on May 2nd,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=23.477,25.816"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1979.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=25.817,26.817"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In over the last 40 years, the collection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=27.777,29.626"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has grown to encompass more than 4,400","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=29.627,32.322"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testimonies of survivors, witnesses and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=32.477,34.546"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bystanders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=34.547,35.547"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's 12,000 hours of recorded material","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=36.197,38.446"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in over a dozen different languages,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=38.447,39.886"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recorded in over a dozen different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=40.187,41.626"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries with the help of affiliate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=41.627,43.276"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"projects around the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=43.277,44.537"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But today, we are here to celebrate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=45.856,48.436"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and examine a new publication by Professor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=48.467,50.896"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carolyn Dean, a member of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=50.897,53.056"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fortunoff Video Archive's Faculty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=53.057,54.469"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Advisor's Council.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=54.557,55.557"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're honored to have a distinguished,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=56.507,58.246"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distinguished panel of scholars to help us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=58.247,59.836"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this task.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=59.837,60.837"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll leave the introductions to my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=61.247,62.686"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleague, 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then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=67.187,69.297"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lead the panel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=69.507,70.507"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam is also a member of the Archive's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=70.697,72.778"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Faculty Advisor's Council.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=72.857,73.857"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He is the Henry R.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=74.177,75.616"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Luce Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=75.617,77.926"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Law School and a professor of history here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=77.927,80.327"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Yale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=80.357,81.357"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to thank him in particular for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=81.947,84.286"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helping to make this event happen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=84.287,86.446"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today and express my gratitude to 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So I'm really grateful for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=106.277,108.376"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, Sam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=108.377,109.377"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now I'll hand things over to 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use,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1031.567,1033.577"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trials in which there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1034.237,1036.366"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a crime 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someone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1040.927,1043.146"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got murdered, a couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1043.147,1045.366"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people got murdered, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1045.367,1046.986"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some people were libeled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1047.497,1049.446"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the trial is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1050.587,1052.866"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hollowed out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1055.447,1056.617"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The trial form is hollowed out and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1057.187,1059.346"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to stage exactly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1059.347,1061.209"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the opposite prosecution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1061.897,1063.637"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in the case of the people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1063.847,1066.426"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the assassin who killed one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1066.437,1068.593"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Turkish architects of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1068.677,1070.866"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Armenian genocide, his trial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1070.867,1073.116"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for murder turns into successfully,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1073.117,1075.547"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karen shows us--uh, Carolyn shows us how,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1075.667,1077.587"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a trial about the Armenian genocide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1078.307,1080.226"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1080.227,1081.036"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So a micro injustice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1081.037,1083.347"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or an injustice going in one direction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1083.377,1085.627"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is flipped and turns into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1085.957,1088.766"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an opportunity to put, intentionally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1090.387,1092.766"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put a larger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1092.767,1094.956"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crime, a crime against humanity, not just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1095.227,1097.566"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against an individual or the state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1097.567,1099.877"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on trial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1100.747,1101.747"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That felt to me like a very significant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1102.547,1105.186"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dimension of the story","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1105.187,1107.098"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. The, the recourse to law,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1107.317,1109.837"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but, and of law turned against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1109.867,1112.146"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"itself in a way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1112.147,1114.097"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So four little items","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1115.397,1117.676"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to discuss from this really excellent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1118.547,1120.466"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book, which I recommend to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1120.467,1122.086"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thanks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1122.087,1123.087"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e OK, I'll, I'll change the protocol.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1132.877,1134.167"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e So thank you all for this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1145.247,1147.647"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e really generous invitation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1147.827,1148.966"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e It's very exciting to be here with all of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1149.007,1150.646"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e these esteemed scholars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1150.647,1152.267"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e As I was reading Carolyn's, Carolyn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1153.377,1155.596"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Dean's new work, The Moral Witness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1155.597,1157.756"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e I couldn't help but hear echoes of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1157.787,1159.916"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e a key term from earlier work of hers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1159.917,1162.107"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e The Fragility of Empathy After the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1162.587,1164.596"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Holocaust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1164.597,1165.597"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e And consider Dean's impressive ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1165.797,1168.106"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e to recognize and even utilize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1168.107,1170.627"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e fragilities of multiple sorts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1170.957,1173.536"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e The fragility of witnessing and receiving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1174.017,1176.266"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e witness testimony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1176.267,1177.436"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e The fragility of the law, the fragility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1177.797,1180.526"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e of humanitarianism, the fragility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1180.527,1183.046"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e of looking, the fragility of 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Then that one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1219.107,1220.607"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Then finally we discovered the truth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1220.627,1222.526"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Dean, however, manages to 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genealogy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1349.027,1350.027"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e The inclusion of the interwar trials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1350.437,1352.477"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e of Soghomon Tehlirian and Scholem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1352.717,1354.797"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Schwartzbard is especially thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1355.057,1357.436"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e provoking since histories of catastrophe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1357.437,1360.096"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e witnessing most typically begin during","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1360.097,1362.526"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e or after World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1362.527,1363.527"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Here, Dean crosses temporal as well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1364.657,1366.846"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e as ethnic lines in remapping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1366.847,1369.186"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e the development of the moral witness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1369.187,1371.137"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e And when you do get your hands on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1371.467,1372.876"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e book, if you haven't yet, I urge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1372.877,1375.186"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e you to take a special care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1375.187,1377.406"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e in reading the conclusion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1377.407,1378.847"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm convinced that this 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a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1383.857,1385.536"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1385.537,1386.537"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e That is putting together these different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1386.827,1388.746"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e notions and figures of the witness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1388.747,1391.053"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e and in a way that is both concise and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1392.377,1394.476"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e subtle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1394.477,1395.477"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e In charting this new map.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1395.677,1397.386"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Dean is very clear about the differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1397.447,1400.026"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e between the different iterations 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satisfaction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1522.367,1524.526"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e whereas the counterwitness dramatizes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1524.617,1527.246"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e the moment when people are openly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1527.247,1528.696"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e dissatisfied with contemporary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1528.697,1530.976"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e norms and searching for something more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1530.977,1532.806"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Nonetheless, in each case, the moral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1533.437,1535.806"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e witness does seem to 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physical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1551.227,1553.626"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e presence and sound rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1553.627,1555.786"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e than just verbal argument or narrative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1555.787,1558.006"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e In this sense, I am reminded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1559.987,1562.567"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e of Marc Nichanian's famous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1563.077,1565.206"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e assertion, \"genocide is not a fact.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1565.207,1568.087"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Nichanian argues that it requires","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1568.537,1570.906"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e much more than a catalog of horrific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1570.907,1573.155"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e deeds to convince a polis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1573.156,1575.736"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e that mass violence has,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1576.096,1578.166"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e amounts to genocide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1578.497,1579.697"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e It actually requires a leap of faith","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1579.727,1582.487"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e and an act of trust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1582.757,1584.436"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Dean's moral witness figures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1584.866,1587.047"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e open up that space for a leap of faith.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1587.107,1589.655"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e However, Dean's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1590.017,1591.337"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e work differs from Nichanian's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1592.147,1593.307"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e And again, the fact that she avoids moral,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1594.517,1596.976"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e a moral telos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1597.197,1598.197"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e So rather than having a witness who simply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1598.357,1600.756"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e brings us closer and closer to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1600.757,1602.885"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e full recognition of genocide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1602.886,1604.902"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e the witness figure embodies the space for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1605.426,1607.405"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e change in different directions, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1607.406,1609.356"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e could be better or worse, but are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1609.357,1610.637"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e certainly more than better or worse in her","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1610.647,1612.806"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e reading.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1612.807,1613.807"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e I would like to conclude with a few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1615.116,1616.556"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1616.557,1617.557"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e The first one is the opposite of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1619.017,1620.516"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e question that you've asked me before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1620.517,1622.346"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e This book emphasizes difference across","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1623.007,1625.616"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e time rather than across space","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1625.617,1627.777"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e or languages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1628.077,1629.217"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Dean does recognize that this is a Western","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1630.507,1633.326"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e and American narrative and in the sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1633.387,1635.766"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e that it actually traces 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witnessing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1749.427,1751.556"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e by allowing vulnerability and weakness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1751.557,1754.166"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e to become a virtue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1754.167,1755.562"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Then, the counterwitness seems to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1756.607,1758.816"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e remasculinized witnessing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1758.817,1760.917"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e especially if we're navigating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1761.217,1763.814"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e this through Richard Rechtman and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1763.857,1765.818"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Didier Fassin's reading of it in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1766.527,1768.416"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Empire of Trauma, which I have, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1768.417,1770.576"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e think it's a very masculine book in a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1770.727,1772.346"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e of ways, by showing that witnesses may be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1772.347,1774.356"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e hurt or desubjectified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1774.357,1775.357"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e by gazes that are too soft or too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1776.607,1779.036"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e empathic. So what do you think about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1779.067,1781.346"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e this suggestion?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1781.347,1782.347"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e And lastly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1782.907,1784.496"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e the final chapter defines the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1785.457,1787.856"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e last period of witnessing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1787.857,1790.107"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e as stretching from 1990 to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1790.567,1792.926"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e the present. So my question to you is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1792.927,1795.326"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e how present is that present","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1795.597,1797.876"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e in your mind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1797.967,1798.967"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you think that you could call today a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1799.197,1801.326"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e part of that same era?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1801.327,1802.797"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e I wonder if global discourse on witnessing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1803.187,1805.826"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e and state sponsored violence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1805.827,1807.656"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e has reached a new era","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1808.017,1810.237"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e in the past few years with the rise of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1810.627,1812.786"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e the extreme right to places of great","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1812.787,1814.586"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e power?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1814.587,1815.587"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e That is to say, if you could or had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1815.967,1818.156"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e write an epilogue to this book, what would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1818.157,1820.196"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e that be?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1820.197,1821.197"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know how you will answer that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1821.817,1824.126"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e final question about these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1824.127,1826.256"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e present very uncertain times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1826.257,1828.356"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e but I can say that I'm very glad to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1828.387,1830.546"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e navigate this current period with this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1830.547,1832.586"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e HANNAH POLLIN-GALAY:\u003c/strong\u003e book in my hands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1832.587,1833.587"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess I'll stand as well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1841.327,1843.517"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm grateful also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1844.297,1846.846"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the really thoughtful summary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1846.917,1849.697"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that, I'm imagining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1850.347,1853.206"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that not all of you have read the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1853.567,1855.787"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"book yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1856.057,1857.057"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1857.947,1859.368"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the outlines of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1860.317,1862.206"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"argument in mind would probably be helpful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1862.657,1865.027"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for our discussion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1865.777,1867.036"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, I've known Carolyn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1867.087,1869.226"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dean since she was a small child,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1869.587,1872.227"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1872.347,1873.347"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, and so it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1873.367,1875.856"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a real pleasure for me, too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1875.857,1878.246"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to encounter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1879.037,1880.447"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this latest work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1881.257,1882.426"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to think about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1883.747,1885.609"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important issues that she raises with 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witness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2136.127,2137.567"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2137.597,2139.307"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carolyn's understanding 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magically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2354.177,2356.306"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"endowed with virtue because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2356.307,2358.826"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2359.217,2361.886"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capacity to tell us something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2361.977,2364.182"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deep 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violence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2368.817,2370.616"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the human ability to suffer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2371.097,2372.866"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so when we 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2383.907,2386.156"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in telling us about the human ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2386.187,2388.676"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to suffer seems to me to come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2388.677,2390.687"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the center of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2391.527,2393.777"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that trauma that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2395.067,2397.027"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is being witnessed, the atrocities that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2397.317,2398.966"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are being 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suffering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2403.047,2405.477"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as she puts it, are supposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2406.107,2408.446"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to tell us something like a generic truth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2408.447,2410.757"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about humanity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2410.817,2412.016"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2416.497,2418.567"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our weird, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2420.167,2421.703"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean, it actually strikes me as quite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2422.417,2423.826"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perverse,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2423.827,2424.827"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desire to see a witness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2428.327,2431.116"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of extraordinary horror as having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2431.207,2433.156"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understood something fundamental and deep","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2433.157,2435.287"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and foundational, if that desire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2435.317,2438.107"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has something to do with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2438.587,2439.816"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americanization of witnessing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2439.817,2442.217"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That if you're going to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2445.037,2447.197"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2447.527,2448.527"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elevated as a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2449.897,2452.116"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"truth teller about humanity as a whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2454.637,2457.127"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the suffering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2457.337,2458.926"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have either experienced or observed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2459.467,2461.957"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, that elevation has to be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2463.817,2466.187"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to be the greatest possible thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2469.007,2471.256"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as our president might say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2471.257,2472.757"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I it really has to be stupendous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2473.607,2475.297"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It can't just be about Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2475.307,2477.126"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's got to be about sovereignty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2478.337,2479.576"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's got to be about humanity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2479.597,2480.947"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's got to be about the human soul.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2480.977,2483.136"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's got to be about everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2483.407,2485.116"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I wonder if that has something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2485.987,2488.326"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do with the ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2488.327,2490.042"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2490.727,2492.466"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"framing of witnessing and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2493.637,2495.646"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trauma comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2495.917,2498.346"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the fore, not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2498.347,2500.476"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just in American academic work, but in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2500.477,2502.606"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Western work on trauma and its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2502.607,2504.316"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"representation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2504.317,2505.317"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more generally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2506.657,2507.657"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I just want","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2508.817,2511.056"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to, one other quote from the book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2511.057,2513.196"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my last question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2513.197,2514.486"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Pain, to summarize,\" Carolyn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2515.057,2517.376"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"writes, \"is a form of social capital","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2517.607,2519.947"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that replaces social critique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2521.717,2523.607"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a means of expressing injustice.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2524.807,2527.626"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pain replaces social","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2529.217,2531.797"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"critique as a means of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2531.857,2533.719"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expressing injustice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2534.017,2535.217"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What pleasures are get, gotten from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2537.657,2539.486"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"witnessing? Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2539.487,2540.687"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe the expression of pain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2541.797,2543.926"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is more pleasurable for us than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2544.257,2546.837"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the attempt to develop social critique.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2547.457,2549.717"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are the counter forces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2551.127,2553.016"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would undermine that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2553.647,2555.897"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"authority of that kind of witnessing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2556.257,2558.036"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How should we handle the alphabetical?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2573.957,2575.787"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OK. Thank you for the invitation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2579.247,2581.806"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2583.417,2584.417"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I was reading the book, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2585.527,2587.683"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably should have thought of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2587.837,2589.607"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Said citing Marx, \"they cannot represent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2590.447,2592.786"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves. They must be represented.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2592.787,2594.886"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But instead, I was feeling a little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2595.277,2596.776"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"literary and a little even more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2596.777,2598.636"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anachronistic. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2598.697,2600.136"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I began thinking about Said's comments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2600.977,2603.226"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on beginnings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2603.227,2604.227"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If anyone's read this book, Beginnings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2604.547,2606.899"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he makes a kind of simple distinction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2608.357,2610.697"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Origins are divine, mythical, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2611.087,2613.066"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"privileged. Beginnings are secular,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2613.067,2615.166"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"humanly produced, and ceaselessly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2615.167,2616.996"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reexamined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2617.057,2618.057"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, there are probably many ways to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2618.557,2619.936"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenge this thesis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2619.937,2621.437"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, Said was probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2621.467,2623.231"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right enough when he said that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2623.717,2625.666"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning is not only a kind of action,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2626.057,2627.766"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's also a frame of, a frame of mind to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2628.097,2629.836"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of work an attitude and a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2629.837,2631.456"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consciousness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2631.457,2632.457"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More to the point, beginning is pragmatic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2632.867,2635.116"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as when we read a difficult text and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2635.537,2637.066"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonder where to begin in order to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2637.067,2638.506"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand it or where the author began","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2638.507,2640.576"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2640.577,2641.577"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if I forgo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2641.987,2644.055"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my own reservations about Said's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2644.207,2646.057"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1097","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distinction, I wanted to begin with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2646.397,2648.556"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1098","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question of beginning and ask","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2648.557,2650.896"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about where Carolyn Dean's challenging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2650.897,2653.116"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and provocative new book on witnessing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2653.117,2654.947"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually begins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2655.307,2656.597"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where should one begin reading her text in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2656.897,2658.576"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"order to understand it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2658.577,2659.627"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where does she begin and why does she","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2659.687,2661.666"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begin there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2661.667,2662.667"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I imagine 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ha-Pletah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3168.617,3169.617"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what I wanted to ask is how much this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3171.377,3172.786"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"textulization matters for the global story","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3172.787,3175.032"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Dean is trying to tell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3175.257,3176.837"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do questions of linguistic difference in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3177.287,3178.666"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"translation contribute or detract from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3178.667,3181.006"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it? And one gets the sense here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3181.007,3183.043"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think she actually just says this, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3183.377,3185.516"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the emergence of the term genocide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3185.537,3187.066"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually led to a kind of hardening of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3187.097,3188.956"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"legal apparatus, closing 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so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3192.857,3194.956"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"readily available, somewhat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3194.957,3196.456"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a somewhat inverted way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3197.107,3198.496"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conversely, because of my own interest in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3201.467,3203.386"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the figure of the survivor, if Dean here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3203.387,3205.276"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is trace--traced how the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3205.277,3207.406"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survivor became a witness, could one also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3207.407,3209.656"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ask how the witness became a survivor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3209.657,3211.516"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do we also need a genealogy of that term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3211.697,3213.766"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the various ways that there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3213.977,3215.476"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that these two terms intersect?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3216.227,3218.806"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which brings me to from the beginning to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3223.457,3225.346"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3225.347,3226.347"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I just wanted to speculate here, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3226.757,3228.526"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think a number of people have already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3228.527,3230.596"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically said this, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3230.657,3232.337"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the book is a history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3233.447,3234.447"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carolyn limits herself mostly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3237.047,3239.154"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to telling a kind of historical story","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3239.207,3241.066"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the various changes across time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3241.067,3242.986"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"related to the witness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3242.987,3243.987"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'm wondering if she would be willing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3244.937,3246.286"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here to, to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3246.287,3248.777"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"articulate or to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3250.637,3252.346"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suggest that she has actually a kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3253.007,3254.716"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normative ethical framework behind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3254.717,3257.069"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3257.297,3257.836"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm thinking here of something that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3257.837,3259.426"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparently did not make it into the book,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3259.637,3261.127"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but was in a very interesting article that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3261.167,3262.756"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she wrote on atrocity photography.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3262.757,3265.337"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'll just quote here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3265.967,3267.706"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is a quote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3268.607,3270.224"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Carolyn's article on atrocity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3270.857,3272.806"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"photography, \"is it possible to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3272.807,3274.906"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conceptualize an alternative form of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3274.907,3277.036"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagining human dignity under stress?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3277.037,3279.016"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It could be articulated in the realm of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3279.437,3280.846"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politics, meaning one that had some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3280.847,3282.826"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cultural power that cannot be reduced to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3282.827,3284.746"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pitying the vulnerable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3284.747,3286.127"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A sentiment always laced with contempt.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3286.397,3288.286"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3289.107,3290.107"}]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28584/annotation/1408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/584/original/Moral_Witness_4_22_19.vtt?1622814584","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/584/original/Moral_Witness_4_22_19.vtt?1622814584"}]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English Transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" OK. Thank you all for coming. My name is Stephen Naron. I'm the director of the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies here at Yale. This is the sixth event in the Fortunoff Archives 2019 event series marking 40 years of recording testimony here in New Haven. And indeed, the Archives predecessor project, the Holocaust Survivors Film Project, began taping testimony in New Haven on May 2nd, 1979. In over the last 40 years, the collection has grown to encompass more than 4,400 testimonies of survivors, witnesses and bystanders. That's 12,000 hours of recorded material in over a dozen different languages, recorded in over a dozen different countries with the help of affiliate projects around the world.\n\nSTEPHEN NARON ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1.0,46.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" But today, we are here to celebrate and examine a new publication by Professor Carolyn Dean, a member of the Fortunoff Video Archive's Faculty Advisor's Council. And we're honored to have a distinguished, distinguished panel of scholars to help us with this task. I'll leave the introductions to my colleague, Professor Sam Moyn, and he'll, he'll do the introductions and then lead the panel. Sam is also a member of the Archive's Faculty Advisor's Council. He is the Henry R. Luce Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale Law School and a professor of history here at Yale.\n\nSTEPHEN NARON ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=46.0,82.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" I'd like to thank him in particular for helping to make this event happen today and express my gratitude to him over the last, for his support over the last year. He, his advice and guidance in developing this 2019 event series has proved invaluable, and he has really stepped into the role of our faculty advisor, while Tim Snyder, who is our official faculty advisor, has been on sabbatical. So, I'm really grateful for that, Sam. And now I'll hand things over to Professor Moyn.\n\nSAMUEL MOYN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=82.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Well, greetings, thanks to Stephen and thanks to all for coming in spite of the rain. The goal is today to, to begin with, to celebrate the appearance of Carolyn Dean's wonderful new book, The Moral Witness: Trials and Testimony after Genocide. And depending on how the presenters behave, to interrogate it a little bit and to push our thinking about what it's contributed and, and how we might think and act, since they're so, it's such a star studded panel. I'll try to just briefly introduce them all and then get out of the way.\n\nSAMUEL MOYN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=118.0,157.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Carolyn, as you know, is the Charles Stille Professor of History and French at Yale, where she's taught for a while now after teaching at Brown for a couple of decades. She's the author of many prior works, starting with her classic The Self and Its Pleasures. And this book, aside from its other virtues, inaugurates a new series at Cornell University Press called Corpus Euros, which is dedicated to law and humanities. As you'll hear from the presenters, The Moral Witness is a history of witnessing, but amongst its other virtues is to pluralize what exactly it is, it means to tell the history of the witness. Many of us, when we hear about witnessing and testimony, will think naturally of the, a witness to the Holocaust of European Jewry and to testimony that became so culturally prominent in its wake. But Carolyn's first accomplishment is to tell us that, that witness is just one in a series of figures in 20th century history, and it is not the last since we're in the present, she argues of a new figure, the counter witness. It's an intrepid book and an extraordinary accomplishment to tell us what they think about it. We have lots of people.\n\nSAMUEL MOYN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=157.0,263.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" The first, alphabetically, is caught in traffic, Cathy Caruth. So if she appears, she will speak later. But just to have her present spiritually, I'll mention that she's Frank Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters at Cornell University in the departments of English and comparative literature. She focuses on the languages of trauma and testimony, literary theory, and on contemporary discourses concerning the annihilation and survival of language. Her most recent books are Literature and the Ashes of History and Listening to Trauma: Conversations with Leaders in the Theory and Treatment of Catastrophic Experience.\n\nSAMUEL MOYN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=263.0,308.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Next, although speaking first in, in time is Thomas Keenan, who teaches comparative literature and leads the Human Rights Project, as well as Bard College's degree program in human rights there at Bard. He's served on the boards of a number of human rights organizations and journals, and he's the author of Fables of Responsibility and a book many of you will know, written with Eyal Weizmoan, Mengele's Skull. He's also edited a number, or coedited a number of significant works.\n\nSAMUEL MOYN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=308.0,347.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Next comes Hannah Pollan-Galay, who's senior lecturer of Yiddish and Holocaust studies at Tel Aviv University. Her most recent book is called Ecologies of Witnessing, and it's out from Yale University Press last year. She's also been a youth educator for the Union for Yiddish Writers and Journalists in Israel.\n\nSAMUEL MOYN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=347.0,378.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Then will come Michael Roth, who's the president of Wesleyan University for over 10 years and has generously found time in his schedule to join us. Before heading Wesleyan, he was the president of California College of the Arts, and he's been a significant member of Carolyn's and my field, European intellectual history, for decades. His first book was Psycho-Analysis as History: Negation and Freedom in Freud, which I believe came from his senior thesis, is that correct? And he's published a series of other important works, fascinating and pathbreaking essays on memory in collections like The Ironist's Cage: Memory, Trauma and History. And he's also written, including for a wide public audience, in The New York Times and Wall Street Journal and elsewhere on the university. And his recent book called Beyond the University: Why Liberal Education Matters, came out from Yale in 2014.\n\nSAMUEL MOYN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=378.0,453.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" And then last but not least, is Adam Stern, who's been the post-doctoral associate in the Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism. And he's also been a lecturer in the humanities program in the Department of Religious Studies here. Excitingly, he signed on to start next year as assistant professor of German, Nordic and Slavic and in the Center for Jewish Studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He has his doctorate in the study of religion from Harvard University and has published a number of important essays. His first book project is tentatively entitled Genealogies of Survival: Christianity, Jews, Sovereignty. And that's coming out from the University of Chicago Press. No, it's OK. It's coming out. My apologies. Well, it's, as you can see, an extraordinary panel, and I'm very excited to hear how it transpires.\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=453.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" I'm going stay at the table here, is that the protocol? All right. So congratulations, Carolyn. It's an amazing book. And you should all buy it or check it out at the library. It's really great for me to be back here. I went to grad school at this university exactly around the time when the Fortunoff Video Archive was being constituted. And everything I know about witnessing and testimony, I learned, you know, within about a three block radius of, of right here. So. Including from Cathy Carruth who, um, I'm excited to see again.\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=517.0,558.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" In honor of those days, the '80s at Yale, I thought I would pursue a few lines of thought through Carolyn's book with the privilege given to irony, paradox, and various kinds of inversions. It felt to me like there were three or four systematic paradoxes in the book which might be strung together. I'm not sure if 10 minutes can do it, but, anyway. I want to start with this amazing quotation from Rousset, which Carolyn adduces in her chapter on the trials, the gulag trials, for lack of a better word.\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=558.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"Rousset says, \"\"I recall a phrase uttered by Mr. Nordmann during our last session. 'These people without documents.' But gentlemen, this is characteristic of the man of the concentration camp system. We have been men without documents for years. And this is what I believe a Nazi lawyer would have said to a foreign court in regard to any poor soul who had escaped from a camp. This is a man without a document. It is our glory. And our only document is our experience of the concentrationary universe and the sufferings we have endured.\"\".\"\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=606.0,645.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" So this struck me as exemplary. I mean, it's an amazing speech, first of all. But the transformation of the undocumented status into the authorization to speak felt to me like it signaled a structure which runs in a number of places through this book.\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=645.0,670.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"And maybe we can touch on a bunch of those, of those points here. So the people without documents are the people who we might think of, in the words of Hannah Arendt's essay, which kind of shadows, chapter from Origins of Totalitarianism, which shadows a lot of this book. The people who have been expelled from humanity altogether. That was her name for the figures of the \"\"concentrationary universe,\"\" among others.\"\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=670.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" And Carolyn shows that this, the creation of this figure of the moral witness consists in an, a kind of inversion in which the people who are expelled from humanity altogether wage a struggle not just to reenter or enter that zone of humanity, but become its exemplary representatives.\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=703.0,734.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"That's who the moral witness is, the one who has suffered in extreme and who is converted or authorized by that suffering to become a figure for humanity as such. She describes the moral witness as the one who symbolizes the suffering of a wounded humanity. Her, her figures throughout a number of the chapters are the partisans who fight against inhumanity on behalf of humanity. So there's that, again, reversal or inversion. These figures are always mere, what, what Arendt called \"\"mere humans.\"\" But that which Arendt said was exactly what you don't want to be. The last thing you want to have to invoke is your near humanity, because then you don't have much hope. But these figures described here, again, convert that, that nearness, that unmarked, undocumented humanity into a status on which to speak, and to speak on behalf of the rest of humanity, or the entirety of humanity.\"\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=734.0,830.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" The document is also a kind of evidence. And Carolyn shows us, Carolyn omits intentionally, much discussion of the Nuremberg trials, famous in the annals of human rights law for having been boringly dominated by the authority of the document and having excluded the living witness. And prosecutors in the Eichmann trial famously decided not to do that again and instead introduce this figure of the witness. But it made me think about the status of the witnesses' speech as evidence, and the evidence that Carolyn talks about here. Although it often occurs in the course of, or is presented in the course of trials, is often not about the kind of precise proof of a particular event. It's evidence of a larger crime, a crime against humanity, mass atrocity.\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=830.0,902.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" But it made me think about the other forms of evidence that we've seen emerging. So there's documents, there's testimony that we've seen emerging in the history of human rights law and particularly criminal prosecutions and human rights. And toward the end of the book, she gestures toward one other kind of evidence, namely the photograph, that she stays with it mostly as a...she, she sticks to photographs that are photographs of people, photographs of people who are analogous to some of the people who had figured in real life earlier in the book. So photographs of suffering people. Felt to me like there would be an opening for a further conversation if we talked about other kinds of photographs and other kinds of evidence and what their relation to the moral story that she tells about witnesses is. So if we think about the kinds of evidence that's now routinely introduced in international criminal courts, satellite photographs, wiretaps, surveillance records, the DNA, particularly DNA and other forensic in the old fashioned sense of the word, evidence from mass graves or elsewhere. I wonder how, how you see that relating. There's a classic struggle between the material evidence and and living human evidence. But the door is open there with the, with the photograph and it's counter witnessing capacity. And so I thought it might be interesting to have a conversation about that.\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=902.0,1009.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Finally, that inversion represented by the trial itself in this book, because these are mostly with the exception at the end, with the exception of the Eichmann trial and a discussion of some work at the ICC. These are very strange counter trials, that, or highjacked, I think is the word you use, trials in which there is a crime charged by the state, which is putting someone on trial, namely that someone got murdered, a couple of people got murdered, or some people were libeled. But the trial is hollowed out. The trial form is hollowed out and used to stage exactly the opposite prosecution. So in the case of the people, the assassin who killed one of the Turkish architects of the Armenian genocide, his trial for murder turns into successfully, Karen shows us--uh, Carolyn shows us how, a trial about the Armenian genocide itself.\n\nTHOMAS KEENAN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1009.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" So a micro injustice or an injustice going in one direction is flipped and turns into an opportunity to put, intentionally, to put a larger crime, a crime against humanity, not just against an individual or the state, on trial. That felt to me like a very significant dimension of the story here. The, the recourse to law, but, and of law turned against itself in a way. So four little items to discuss from this really excellent book, which I recommend to you. Thanks.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1081.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" OK, I'll, I'll change the protocol.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1133.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" So thank you all for this really generous invitation. It's very exciting to be here with all of these esteemed scholars. As I was reading Carolyn's, Carolyn Dean's new work, The Moral Witness. I couldn't help but hear echoes of a key term from earlier work of hers, The Fragility of Empathy After the Holocaust. And consider Dean's impressive ability to recognize and even utilize fragilities of multiple sorts.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1145.0,1174.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" The fragility of witnessing and receiving witness testimony. The fragility of the law, the fragility of humanitarianism, the fragility of looking, the fragility of benevolence, as well as the fragility of writing intellectual history. Quite often, intellectual historians sacrifice their ability to care about certain principles and ideas for the sake of building an original, diachronic narrative. They position themselves and their intellect so far above the ideas that we can't ever imagine why anyone would bother to think those things. And on the other hand, there are scholars who conflate intellectual history with advocacy and fall into teleologies. First this idea. Then that idea. Then that one. Then finally we discovered the truth. Dean, however, manages to embrace that fragile space between thinking and feeling, or analysis and judgment. This is thanks to the way that she reads other people's ideas as well as her particular style of writing about them.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1174.0,1240.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"She, in each chapter, Dean dives deeply into the moral ecology of each station, each trial, reading its terms from within, but then also builds an original and even startling vocabulary that forces us to see these events and texts otherwise. So, for example, in her chapter, chapter on the Eichmann trial, Dean analyzes survivor testimony in a non-patronizing manner. She takes their passion, her, their passionate call to be heard seriously, but then also translates their testimonies into her own language. Survivors were treated as, quote, \"\"oracles from another world, possessors of dark knowledge and symbols of human conscience.\"\" Dean avoids the sacralizing, reverent language of some genocide and Holocaust scholars, but also never forgets that she is writing about real victims of real human carnage. It is a writing style that allows the reader to both care and to think at the same time.\"\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1240.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" So much for voice, on to content.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1300.0,1305.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"Dean tells us that each chapter of the Moral Witness explores, and here I quote \"\"the various figures of the witness that have populated the Western cultural landscape over the past hundred years.\"\" \"\"The Avengers,\"\" 1921 to 1950, \"\"The Camp Survivor\"\" from 1950 to 1961, \"\"the Holocaust Witness\"\" from 1961 to 1990, and \"\"The Global Victim and the Counterwitness\"\" from 1990 to the present. Each witness, each chapter is incisive on its own, but the sum of these parts is even greater. That is, the book's most original contribution is the way in which these various witness figures are assembled together in a non-teleological genealogy. The inclusion of the interwar trials of Soghomon Tehlirian and Scholem Schwartzbard is especially thought provoking since histories of catastrophe witnessing most typically begin during or after World War II. Here, Dean crosses temporal as well as ethnic lines in remapping the development of the moral witness. And when you do get your hands on the book, if you haven't yet, I urge you to take a special care in reading the conclusion. I'm convinced that this especially is final pages provide us with a map that the field has been waiting for for a long time. That is putting together these different notions and figures of the witness, and in a way that is both concise and subtle.\"\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1305.0,1395.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" In charting this new map. Dean is very clear about the differences between the different iterations of witnessing, and she prevent--presents a very strong argument to recognize change over time. The witness of genocide starts as a vigilante hero. Then, from vigilante hero, we move to a veteran-like resister. From a veteran like resister to a dark prophet, and from a prophet to a figure who visualizes the pitfalls of humanitarianism.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1395.0,1426.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" But in the final analysis, and this is a provocative suggestion, I'm not sure that you'll agree with, I also propose that Dean's readings point to an underlying similarity in all of these figures. At each of these moments, the witness is a figure through which contemporary historical actors store, archive, evaluate, or deliberate on moral matter, which is an excess of current legal, political or lingual norms. The human body and voice embody a moral notion, even a moral mood that has yet to be formulated in law or in language. So Dean's Avengers embody the notion of genocide, the murder of a system of being, in addition to the murder of human beings, before the term genocide has been coined. Rousset's camp survivors incarnate the need for morality beyond nationalism. The Holocaust witness at the Eichmann trial enacts the demand for dignity, for dignity for witnesses who do not pass any tests of heroic credentials. And the global or counter witness visually signifies a call for a future humanitarianism without fetish, something that would be built subjunctive if we could only look at those victim pictures differently.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1426.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Of course, Dean does show that at each stage this witness figure is received with different levels of public deference. The Holocaust witness of, of the '60s seems to arise in an atmosphere of general moral satisfaction, whereas the counterwitness dramatizes the moment when people are openly dissatisfied with contemporary norms and searching for something more. Nonetheless, in each case, the moral witness does seem to embody a consensus in the making, or a norm that is just over the horizon. Perhaps this commonality between the different witness figures relates to the capacity of the human body and voice to communicate through physical presence and sound rather than just verbal argument or narrative.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1507.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"In this sense, I am reminded of Marc Nichanian's famous assertion, \"\"genocide is not a fact.\"\" Nichanian argues that it requires much more than a catalog of horrific deeds to convince a polis that mass violence has, amounts to genocide. It actually requires a leap of faith and an act of trust. Dean's moral witness figures open up that space for a leap of faith. However, Dean's work differs from Nichanian's. And again, the fact that she avoids moral, a moral telos. So rather than having a witness who simply brings us closer and closer to a full recognition of genocide, the witness figure embodies the space for change in different directions, which could be better or worse, but are certainly more than better or worse in her reading.\"\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1560.0,1615.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" I would like to conclude with a few questions. The first one is the opposite of the question that you've asked me before. This book emphasizes difference across time rather than across space or languages. Dean does recognize that this is a Western and American narrative and in the sense that it actually traces acts of translation of bringing non-Western or non-American events into, into that discourse.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1615.0,1648.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" And nonetheless, I wonder what would happen if we stretched the geneology horizontally just a bit. Asking, for example, how responses to Hayim Nahman Bialik's poetic witness would compare as a response to pogroms in Eastern Europe. We compare to the discourse that was created in the Paris courtroom of the Schwarzbard trial. Or how the early trials within the Soviet Union, those investigations of the VchK and the NKVD, which have a very local, almost conservative approach to wartime atrocities, would or would not fit into the geneology.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1648.0,1686.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Secondly, having trained us to see each strain of witnessing primarily through the forum of a courtroom in the previous stations of her geneology, Dean's final chapter makes a surprising pivot towards photography. This felt justified and natural, but it also made me curious if we could examine genres of witnessing in other nonlegal arenas. If in photography works so well, why not also in literature, psychotherapeutic sessions, cinema, or video testimony, as well as everyday life? That's just a question I'll put out there.\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1686.0,1727.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Third, is it fair to trace a kind of gender movement between these different witnessing eras? That is, Dean shows how both the avengers and Rousset's camp survivors are, in a sense, quite masculine. There are victims who earn recognition by showing strength against all odds. Then the Eichmann trial seems to perhaps effeminize witnessing by allowing vulnerability and weakness to become a virtue. Then, the counterwitness seems to remasculinized witnessing, especially if we're navigating this through Richard Rechtman and Didier Fassin's reading of it in the Empire of Trauma, which I have, I think it's a very masculine book in a lot of ways, by showing that witnesses may be hurt or desubjectified by gazes that are too soft or too empathic. So what do you think about this suggestion?\n\nHANNAH POLLIN-GALAY ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1727.0,1783.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" And lastly, the final chapter defines the last period of witnessing as stretching from 1990 to the present. So my question to you is, how present is that present in your mind? Do you think that you could call today a part of that same era? I wonder if global discourse on witnessing and state sponsored violence has reached a new era in the past few years with the rise of the extreme right to places of great power? That is to say, if you could or had to write an epilogue to this book, what would that be? I don't know how you will answer that final question about these present very uncertain times, but I can say that I'm very glad to navigate this current period with this book in my hands.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1783.0,1841.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" I guess I'll stand as well, and I'm grateful also for the really thoughtful summary because that, I'm imagining that not all of you have read the book yet. And so having the outlines of the argument in mind would probably be helpful for our discussion.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1841.0,1867.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" I, I've known Carolyn Dean since she was a small child, I think. And, and so it's a real pleasure for me, too, to encounter this latest work and to think about the important issues that she raises with you this afternoon. You know, Carolyn Dean is the author of The Self and Its Pleasures. And so I couldn't help thinking about the pleasures of witnessing and whether one of the things she's describing in this new book on the moral witness is, to put it offensively, what do witnesses get out of testifying? I'm interested in this question because I have worked for a long time on the representations of trauma and, in film and photography, and, and sometimes in prose. And I became interested in the ways in which the moral scaffolding for understanding trauma affected the ways in which we report it.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1867.0,1951.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" What I mean is as the definitions of virtue and the moral good change and modern west, and as intensity comes to be a primary or even a master virtue, might the elevation of intensity have something to do with our focus on the traumatic and our need to cultivate witnesses?\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1951.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" This morning in the Wesleyan newspaper, which I have to read as part of my job, my administrative work, I read a column by a student who said that she was angry because she had been admitted to Wesleyan because she had suffered as a high school student and before that, and that her suffering was what got her in. That her essay about, you know, you don't write about going to Choate and being happy to get into, well, get into Wesleyan. That was a little Yale joke, I just thought I see if you're there, you have to write about overcoming adversity.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=1985.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" And so she talks about this and then she, she said, but now I am supposed to be a witness to my own hardships for all my professors, and all the administrators, and all my fellow students. I'm here to educate them about how hard life was for me in a town in the United States they will never visit on their own. She hasn't, she doesn't know about the hillbilly elegy, I guess. And how you can, you can turn that into gold. Another Yale reference, I think, isn't that a Yale reference, I think is a Yale reference. But we like are witnesses in certain forms at certain times.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2025.0,2067.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" And Carolyn's historicization of the witness seems to me to call for us to think about one, the relation of witnessing and intensity and two, the pleasure we get from listening to them, even if it's perverse in the sense of being extremely painful and the pleasures we use to entice witnesses to speak to us.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2067.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Silence is a theme of Carolyn Dean's new book, because the kind of witnessing that Carolyn is interested in is witnessing of something that is so intense--that's my word, not hers, but--or so traumatic that words, pictures, almost anything seems inadequate. So a gesture to, toward silence, a gesture towards the impossibility of communication is often a part of the authenticity of the witness. And I'm interested in Carolyn's understanding of the relationship of silence and the validation of the truthfulness of a witness's account.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2098.0,2152.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" I'm also interested in this question of accountability, which is very strong in the first part of the book on the avenger witness, and then really does drop away as an issue. I actually think the question of justice drops away as an issue. And much of the, for the rest of the witnesses, the witness is not there, it seems. And I guess I'm asking this is a question, see if I've gotten this right. The witness is not there, it seems, as someone who could hold a perpetrator accountable, but is there as someone who can awake society to a broader truth.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2152.0,2199.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Sometimes it is to awake society to a particular kind of evil. But as we move closer to the present, that particular kind of evil gets defined as somehow symptomatic of a deeper truth of society as a whole. So if I got this right, accountability moves away as telling the truth with a capital T, that is a deep structural, even metaphysical truth becomes more and more important. So at the post-Eichmann Holocaust witness, accountability no longer an issue. Reparations, I guess, having been paid, no longer related to responsibility.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2199.0,2246.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"So, as we move closer to that present in the post-Eichmann trial world, and as Carolyn describes it, witnesses transmit and they, I'm quoting \"\"powerlessness and terror that ordinary people could not conceive of or did not want to acknowledge.\"\" And I do think that this is one of the, for me, one of the most interesting aspects of the historicization of witnessing that Carolyn provides, is that the witness, the moral witness in which she's interested, is someone who has experienced something fundamental. Sometimes people even use the word ontological just to indicate how important it is, I guess, that they experience something that's revolutionary, not about what happened in Eastern Europe at a particular time or in somewhere else at a particular time. They experience something revelatory that is supposed to tell us something about the human.\"\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2246.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Now in the post-Eichmann world and as we move closer to the present, that discovery of something fundamental about human beings and their lives together in society, that discovery is supposed to also be linked to dignity and healing. And one of the most interesting aspects of the historicization of the witness that Carolyn provides, is the witness goes from being someone who is despicable to being someone who is magically endowed with virtue because of their capacity to tell us something deep about the powers of abjection, the capacity for violence and the human ability to suffer.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2320.0,2375.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" And so when we think that we're being told something fundamental about the human ability to suffer, the question of what the pleasure is in telling us about the human ability to suffer seems to me to come back into the center of things because that trauma that is being witnessed, the atrocities that are being described, really have little then to do with particular experiences of suffering. And as she puts it, are supposed to tell us something like a generic truth about humanity.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2375.0,2416.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" I wonder if our weird, I mean, it actually strikes me as quite perverse, desire to see a witness of extraordinary horror as having understood something fundamental and deep and foundational, if that desire has something to do with the Americanization of witnessing. That if you're going to be elevated as a truth teller about humanity as a whole because of the suffering, you have either experienced or observed, that, that elevation has to be, has to be the greatest possible thing, as our president might say. I it really has to be stupendous. It can't just be about Auschwitz. It's got to be about sovereignty. It's got to be about humanity. It's got to be about the human soul. It's got to be about everything. And I wonder if that has something to do with the ways in which the American framing of witnessing and trauma comes to the fore, not just in American academic work, but in Western work on trauma and its representation more generally.\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2416.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"So I just want to, one other quote from the book in my last question. \"\"Pain, to summarize,\"\" Carolyn writes, \"\"is a form of social capital that replaces social critique as a means of expressing injustice.\"\" Pain replaces social critique as a means of expressing injustice.\"\n\nMICHAEL ROTH ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2509.0,2537.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" What pleasures are get, gotten from witnessing? Well, maybe the expression of pain is more pleasurable for us than the attempt to develop social critique. What are the counter forces that would undermine that authority of that kind of witnessing?\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2537.0,2574.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" How should we handle the alphabetical?\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2574.0,2579.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" OK. Thank you for the invitation.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2579.0,2583.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"So when I was reading the book, I probably should have thought of Said citing Marx, \"\"they cannot represent themselves. They must be represented.\"\" But instead, I was feeling a little literary and a little even more anachronistic. So I began thinking about Said's comments on beginnings. If anyone's read this book, Beginnings, he makes a kind of simple distinction. Origins are divine, mythical, and privileged. Beginnings are secular, humanly produced, and ceaselessly reexamined.\"\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2583.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Now, there are probably many ways to challenge this thesis. But, Said was probably right enough when he said that beginning is not only a kind of action, it's also a frame of, a frame of mind to kind of work an attitude and a consciousness. More to the point, beginning is pragmatic, as when we read a difficult text and wonder where to begin in order to understand it or where the author began and why.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2618.0,2642.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" So if I forgo my own reservations about Said's distinction, I wanted to begin with the question of beginning and ask about where Carolyn Dean's challenging and provocative new book on witnessing actually begins. Where should one begin reading her text in order to understand it? Where does she begin and why does she begin there?\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2642.0,2664.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"So I imagine that Carolyn would quickly place herself on the secular side of things, affirming her interest in the multiple humanly produced beginnings of the witness and not its singular mythical origin. Indeed, from the outset, she's careful to circumscribe her stories only one particular beginning to a history that could have been told, which she could have begun in multiple places and in multiple ways. Early on, for example, she admits that she could have written, quote, \"\"a synoptic intellectual history of the concept of witnessing and recalls only marginally a series of facts that may constitute such a narrative. The prohibition against false witness in the Bible, the Greek term martyr, the Jewish condemnation of pogroms, William Gladstone, The Hague Conventions and a long, and the long fight for the abolition of slavery.\"\" Across the 19th century, she says, humanitarian organizations, quote, \"\"used the term witness to describe not only those who survived mass atrocities and genocide, but also those spectators who observed them and could report back.\"\" Although Dean does not herself mentioned it, one could add here what I think is actually a relevant distinction for understanding her book between the Latin testis and superstis, the third party witness and the surviving witness, a problem of translation that could take one from Auguston through the Middle Ages, across the history of Jewish witness, the Reformation, assault and superstition, super--survival and superstition being etymologically related, and the 19th century anthropology of anachronistic survivals or in French, survivors.\"\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2664.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" But Dean sets his sight on another, more historically situated problem, the historical transformation and rhetorical incarnations of the witness to genocide in the 20th century. She asks, how did the survivor of mass atrocity and mass violence become a witness? What processes made it possible for the witness to genocide, the surviving witness, the superstis, as it were, to become a recognizable figure of the West's political imagination and practice? When did the figure of the witness become a central trope of contemporary moral cul--culture? And is it still one? Dean pursues these difficult issues by focusing on a series of trials, as a number of people have said already, that, as she puts it, redeems survivors of genocide by giving them a voice, offering them the opportunity to tell their stories firsthand despite the immense obs--immense obstacles to their doing so, legal constraints, victim blaming, political suspicion and so forth.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2766.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" In her broader, broadest outline of this development, she offers a three part periodization. Well, sometimes go back and forth between a three part and, and four part, but in the most general way, a three part for the mutable figure of the witness from 1921 to 1950. In the wake of the Armenian genocide and Ukrainian pograms, the witness to genocide became legible and thereby redeemable as a righteous vendor, not an object of pity or empathy, empathy, but an active pursuer of justice.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2820.0,2849.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" From 1961 to 1990, the witness finds its prominent representation in the figure of the Jewish Holocaust survivor. No longer condemned as a passive victim or collaborator, the Holocaust survivor becomes an icon of universal human suffering, the bearer of a certain dark knowledge and moral authority about evil, catastrophe and human vulnerability. Finally, from the '90s to the present, the Jewish Holocaust survivor gives way to a split between the activist and the global victim. Again, one could call it the testis and superstis, where it is once again, the dismayed spectator aghast at violations of human conscience, who has come to occupy the role of the moral witness capable of speaking for an increasingly silent or silenced survivor. And I'll keep to the side here this interesting notion of the counterwitness for a moment.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2849.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" This, at any rate, is the story that Dean wants to tell. It's certainly not a perfectly linear or even teleological narrative. She herself hints at the fact that there may be something circular about the incarnations of the moral witness, which from the beginning of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st, seems to have made its way from humanitarian activist to righteous avenger to Jewish survival, survivor, only to find its way back in some form to humanitarian activist. But Dean's committed one way or another to a narrative that begins in the 1920s and makes its way, albeit uncertainly, into the present. And I take it that one of the major contributions of the book is its insistence on what she calls the long view and its commitment to displacing a prevalent historical narrative that would situate the beginning of the story with the Holocaust, or rather, in the belated writing about Jewish survivors from the 1960s and '70s, Arendt, Bettelheim, Lifton, Des Pres and so on. In other words, what Dean has shown with particular depth and insight is that the Jewish survivor is only one contingent moment in a much more complex history of witnessing, and may itself already be fading. As she summarizes early on in the book, the witness to genocide emerged in the interwar period and made the crime of genocide legible. Here, she represented the authority of the victim's experience and marked a significant shift in the Western imagination of mass violence away from unspeakable outrages committed regrettably against innocents to genocide, again, perpetrated, sorry, to...committed, regrettably, to those committed to genocide perpetrated against peoples whose persecution endowed them with moral authority.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=2898.0,3001.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"So in this way, some things seem clear enough. And yet I can't help but think that Dean's book also suggests a more complicated or unsettling historical chronology. Consider, for example, the sentence with which she chooses to begin. I'm quoting here, \"\"By the end of the twentieth century, the witness to 'genocide'\"\"--here in scare quotes--\"\"had become a pervasive icon of human suffering. The term initially referred to the survivors of the Holocaust of European, European Jewry, but is also now the title book's conference articles and museum events about the Cambodian, Rwanda and other genocides.\"\" Interestingly, that is, Dean begins her book not at the beginning that she sets for herself, the 1920s, but rather at another beginning, in the post Holocaust era, which testifies to the emergence of the term witness to genocide, if not the act of witnessing genocide, or bearing witness to justify genocide, which she says begins earlier. Call it a difference between word and thing, between the existence of genocide itself and its naming as such, between actually existing witness, witnesses to genocide and that particular conswtruction, \"\"witness to genocide.\"\"\"\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3001.0,3070.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" So where should one begin reading in order to understand the book? Should one begin in the beginning, in the middle, from the end, with the Jewish survivor and the Holocaust or with programs in the Armenian genocide? On the one hand, the Jewish survivors are only a moment in this narrative, an example of the differential ways that the witness has been troped across the 20th century. On the other hand, however, this figure, this specific figuration of the witness as Jewish survivor, seems also to mark the beginning of the story, framing both its pre and post history. What I want to suggest is that there's something a bit retrospective about the narrative which finds in the Jewish survivor and the Eichmann trial and Des Pres above all, a kind of redemption that is only anticipated in the pre-war period and then somehow already in decline. In part, and again, this is because of the difference between the 'witness to genocide' in scare quotes and witness to genocide without, without them.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3070.0,3124.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" After all, Dean is remarkably sensitive to the issues of language, translation and concept formation. She stresses the importance of understanding the rhetorical conditions and forms of representation that characterize these trials in both their family resemblance as she borrowed from Wittgenstein, and their differences across German, French, Hebrew, Yiddish, English and more. For this reason, she also notes the difference between these trials, which took place before the widespread proliferation of the term genocide and those that continued after its massive dissemination and institutionalization.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3124.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"Meanwhile, she also pays close attention to the formation of \"\"survivor\"\" as an English category over the course of the 1960s and '70s, as well as receive specific investment in the word Tomoya or Gideon Hausner's invocation of the Hebrew Sh'erit ha-Pletah. So what I wanted to ask is how much this textulization matters for the global story that Dean is trying to tell. Do questions of linguistic difference in translation contribute or detract from it? And one gets the sense here, I think she actually just says this, that the emergence of the term genocide actually led to a kind of hardening of the legal apparatus, closing down opportunities made possible in a previous system where the language was not so readily available, somewhat, in a somewhat inverted way. Conversely, because of my own interest in the figure of the survivor, if Dean here is trace--traced how the survivor became a witness, could one also ask how the witness became a survivor? Do we also need a genealogy of that term and the various ways that there that these two terms intersect?\"\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3155.0,3223.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Which brings me to from the beginning to the end. So I just wanted to speculate here, and I think a number of people have already basically said this, but the book is a history. Carolyn limits herself mostly to telling a kind of historical story about the various changes across time related to the witness. But I'm wondering if she would be willing here to, to articulate or to suggest that she has actually a kind of normative ethical framework behind this.\n\nADAM STERN ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3223.0,3258.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541/transcript/28587/annotation/1475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" \"And I'm thinking here of something that apparently did not make it into the book, but was in a very interesting article that she wrote on atrocity photography. So I'll just quote here, and this is a quote from Carolyn's article on atrocity photography, \"\"is it possible to conceptualize an alternative form of imagining human dignity under stress? It could be articulated in the realm of politics, meaning one that had some cultural power that cannot be reduced to pitying the vulnerable. A sentiment always laced with contempt.\"\" Thank you.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/24/collection_resources/43546/file/116541#t=3258.0,3296.768"}]}]}]}