{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/dr2p55dm1z/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Krystyna G. Holocaust testimony"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/005/original/Fortunoff-Logo.png?1549333634","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Videotape testimony of Krystyna G., a Romani who was born in Szczurowa, Poland in 1938. She recalls cordial relations with Poles; on July 3, 1943, the mass killing of the men, then women and children including her parents and siblings; escaping with her grandmother while the Germans were taking a break; returning home; seeing her grandfather's corpse where he had been shot; traveling to Rzemienowice; posing as Poles; moving to Pawłowice; living a year and a half with a Pole who knew their identity; hiding two Jewish men who were shot after leaving; liberation by Soviet troops; moving to another city, then returning to Szczurowa several years later; attending elementary and vocational school; moving to Nowa Huta; and marriage to a Romani. Mrs. G. discusses her gratitude to her grandmother; maintaining Romani cultural life; her presidency of the Kraków Romani association; lack of unity among the Romanies; a monument to the murdered Romanies in Szczurowa; commemorative activities there and in Auschwitz/Birkenau; lack of compensation to Romani victims; and sharing her experiences with her grandchildren. (Abstract)","This testimony is open with permission. (Conditions Governing Access)","Copyright has been transferred to the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies. Use of this testimony requires permission of the Fortunoff Video Archive. (Conditions Governing Use)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1995-05-13 (creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies (Producer)","G., Krystyna, 1938- (Interviewee)","United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Producer)","G, Krystyna (4433) (Interviewee)","Sobelman, Michel (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["3 videocassettes","1:12:02 duration_HH_MM_SS_mmm"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["G., Krystyna, 1938- (Person or Corporate Body)","Video tapes (topical)","Women (topical)","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) -- Personal narratives (topical)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Personal narratives, Romani (topical)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Atrocities (topical)","Romanies -- Nazi persecution -- Poland (topical)","Romanies -- Poland -- History -- 20th Century (topical)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Children (topical)","Grandparent and child (topical)","Escapes (topical)","Poland (geographic)","Szczurowa (Poland) (geographic)","Rzemienowice (Poland) (geographic)","Pawłowice (Poland) (geographic)","Nowa Huta (Kraków, Poland) (geographic)","Oral histories (document genres) (genre_form)","Child survivors (topical)","Mass killings (topical)","Hiding (topical)","Aid by non-Romanies (topical)","Postwar experiences (topical)","Survivor child relations (topical)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":["Krako?w, Poland (Place of Recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["Polish (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Gil, Krystyna. Interview 30163. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation. Access at https://vha.usc.edu. (Associated Material)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["mssa.hvt.3178 (EAD ID)","4290930 (Orbis bib)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Videotape testimony of Krystyna G., a Romani who was born in Szczurowa, Poland in 1938. She recalls cordial relations with Poles; on July 3, 1943, the mass killing of the men, then women and children including her parents and siblings; escaping with her grandmother while the Germans were taking a break; returning home; seeing her grandfather's corpse where he had been shot; traveling to Rzemienowice; posing as Poles; moving to Pawłowice; living a year and a half with a Pole who knew their identity; hiding two Jewish men who were shot after leaving; liberation by Soviet troops; moving to another city, then returning to Szczurowa several years later; attending elementary and vocational school; moving to Nowa Huta; and marriage to a Romani. Mrs. G. discusses her gratitude to her grandmother; maintaining Romani cultural life; her presidency of the Kraków Romani association; lack of unity among the Romanies; a monument to the murdered Romanies in Szczurowa; commemorative activities there and in Auschwitz/Birkenau; lack of compensation to Romani victims; and sharing her experiences with her grandchildren.","This testimony is open with permission.","Copyright has been transferred to the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies. Use of this testimony requires permission of the Fortunoff Video Archive."]},"provider":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/005/original/Fortunoff-Logo.png?1549333634","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/059/154/small/open-uri20191201-29465-1oehaco_1575252476.jpg?1575252476","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 3 - open-uri20191201-29465-1oehaco.mov"]},"duration":1754.32,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/059/154/small/open-uri20191201-29465-1oehaco_1575252476.jpg?1575252476","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-fortunoff.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/059/154/original/open-uri20191201-29465-1oehaco.mov?1575252476","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1754.32,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English Transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Please go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=17.0,19.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Krystyna Gil. I was born in Szczurowa, Brzesko Okocim poviat, on 5 November 1938.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=19.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And you're a Roma woman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=33.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm from a Roma family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=35.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you say Roma or Gypsy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=38.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Gypsy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=40.0,41.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And why do people nowadays say... Roma? Roma and not Gypsies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=41.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Roma? Roma and not Gypsies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=44.0,46.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Roma? Roma and not Gypsies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=46.5,49.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Roma? Roma and not Gypsies. Well... maybe Roma somehow sounds gentler. Gypsy is such a vulgar word. It's simply not appropriate for people. And Roma looks nicer. It just has a nice ring to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=49.0,66.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Is Roma a new word?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=66.5,70.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e It has already been in use. It's just that... Now, the Association of Roma in Poland  has been established and adopted the name of 'Roma' on a nationwide basis and, therefore, the term 'Gypsy' is now used less frequently and the term 'Roma' is being used instead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=70.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e When somebody calls you 'Gypsy' in the street, do you take offence?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=90.0,93.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I don't... No, I just know what nationality I'm so [being called] a Gypsy... It's slightly diminishing but you cannot take offence. If somebody calls me a 'Gypsy' and I actually am one, I tend to turn a deaf ear. It seldom happens in my close environment: I have been living among Poles for so many years. I've been living in my apartment block since 1956.  No one has yet called me 'Roma' or 'Gypsy' there. We are all either on a first name basis as we are of the same age or we use formal titles like Mr/Mrs or neighbor or otherwise. I never saw or hear anybody practicing such segregation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=93.0,160.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm just asking because you know sometimes even the word 'Jew' makes for an unpleasant association in Polish also, mainly to the person pronouncing the word 'Jew' and not to the Jew himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=160.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, but there is nothing to take offence at. Nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=170.0,174.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course. Tell me, you were born in 1938 in Szczurowa, weren't you? Yes, I was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=174.0,179.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=179.0,180.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was. Was it a village?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=180.5,184.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was a rather large village, with a majority of residents of Jewish heritage. There had been very many of them because they ran stores and held restaurants but, as you know, both Jews and Gypsies lived through almost the same ordeal during the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=184.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember those Jews from Szczurowa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=209.0,213.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=213.0,214.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e No? Do you know how many people lived there, more or less?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=214.0,218.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Roughly speaking, it was a fairly big village, a fairly big village. Somewhere around 200 or 300.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=218.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Persons in total?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=229.0,230.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Persons. And there were over 100 Gypsies in that village.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=230.0,239.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, they were settled Gypsies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=239.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, those were settled Gypsies and my grandfather  was one of them... The grandparents of my grandfather had been living there already.  So they were not the travelling, nomadic but sedentarized people. They worked primarily as blacksmiths and musicians. When they helped local peasants with field work they would get potatoes, flour and such. Like... And life went on. Until 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=241.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me what was your own earliest memory, what year was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=279.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e That carefree life, living with my parents, playing with other children, that... For instance, my grandfather was building a new house because he had returned from America where he had worked as a musician and he was building a new house; as children, a larger group of us, we would be taught to compress sand under our feet for the new house's floor. I have kept such snippets of memories. If only I could remember everything accurately, it... I was a child so all I have are those snippets of memories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=286.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e I see. And your grandfather, you said he was a musician, right? He had his own band?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=325.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e He did. He had his band and he was a famous musician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=328.0,332.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What was his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=332.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Cioruń Michał. He was a famous musician.  Wherever there was a wedding party or Christening, my grandpa would go there and play music accompanied by his band.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=334.0,345.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he also give concerts throughout Poland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=345.0,348.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, he had even gone to America as a fiddle virtuoso. He had stayed there for two years but later returned home because he had his family, children and wife here. He had some savings and had just started building his little house but didn't complete it because that tragedy struck in 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=348.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And your parents?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=374.0,376.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e My daddy died in 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=376.0,381.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's not talk about the war right now. We shall get there shortly. How about the prewar period? What did he do for a living?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=381.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e I have no memories of my father. I don't even have a visual memory of him. I have no memories of my father at all. My father came from the area situated near Solec.  He was born to a family of peasants. He was not a Gypsy. Well, I literally don't remember my father. I shall not talk about my father because I have no memory whatsoever of him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=385.0,417.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And your mum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=417.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e I remember my mum. I can see my mother even when I close my eyes. Through a fog, a very distant picture but I remember my mother. However, I don't remember my brother who was 10 but I remember vividly my sister who was two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=418.0,437.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e She was two, meaning that she was slightly younger than you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=437.0,440.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e She was two at the time she died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=440.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e I get that, yes. Are such mixed couples accepted in Gypsy families?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=442.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Well, it's just that... How should I say it? The policy that a Gypsy mustn't marry a Pole and that a Pole mustn't marry a Gypsy... A rule applies nowadays that when people are in love, people get married. For instance, I cannot make choices for anybody and build a life for them. Every person is the architect of their own fortune.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=450.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure. You have that photo from 1938 or 1939.  Could you show it to us?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=481.0,486.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I have that one photo only. I don't know by what miracle I came to have it. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=486.0,494.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=494.0,494.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. It's somewhere at a wedding party. Here's my grandpa, oh here, if I see correctly... Here. No, here. Sorry. I got it wrong. Here, and here is his younger son who disappeared without trace. I don't know where he was buried, how, what. We know nothing. This is the only, only relic I have left of my entire family. I have nothing else left. Just this photo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=494.5,532.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e There are many people, many persons in that photo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=532.0,535.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, because it is a wedding party in the countryside. I don't know whose wedding party it was. I don't know. I simply didn't look into it because a lot of those older persons are no longer alive, and one of them, it probably was his wedding party or that one's... Well, I didn't find out the truth. The only thing I know is that this is my grandpa and his son, the son of my grandpa. More... So this is...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=535.0,564.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So this is...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=564.0,565.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e So this is... I remember the grandpa because I was very mean to him. I remember my grandpa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=565.5,574.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e In what way were you mean to him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=574.5,578.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e I just... He was suffering from meningitis. Today it's a curable illness but in the time people simply said that [the sufferer] was stupid, not right in his mind. After meningitis, he was actually... He was not dangerous but he just wasn't fully recovered, mentally stable. When he hid something somewhere, I would go to that little coffer of his and I would open it and take the stuff out. He would later chase us and we would run away from him, right? Like children do. This is precisely the reason why I remember my grandpa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=578.5,626.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened to him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=626.5,628.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Like I said, all Roma people were taken out of their houses at three in the morning in 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=628.5,638.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e In Szczurowa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=638.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e In Szczurowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=639.0,640.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me something. Do you have any memories until that time, until 1943? Do you recall anything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=640.0,648.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I don't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=648.5,650.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e No? I mean that was the episode that marked your memory, didn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=650.0,656.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it did. Exactly, that carefree life we lived there, when our parents... Everybody knows that when your parents are alive, there may be hardships but you feel your parents' love as a child. Even in the darkest times, there's a child, true, and there's its mother. This is it. It's only later that you feel the absence of your family, when your family is missing. It's only then that a person takes..., they must go through life alone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=656.5,696.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. And then that day in 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=696.0,699.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Like I said, horse-drawn carriages, the so-called podwody, usually used in the countryside, arrived in 1943. Those carriages had been requisitioned from peasants in the village and they [Germans] would first order the whole Gypsy population onto those carriages.  They gathered men only. Once they had gathered them, they tied their hands behind their backs and took them to the cemetery. There, they shot them all. And later they returned for women and children. My mum was on the carriage, so was my brother, my sister and myself. My grandmother  was approaching that carriage and she also wanted to board it because her four daughters were on the carriage, along with four grandchildren and the three of us so seven in total, and she simply wanted to go with her daughters. But one German came and he pulled her away from that carriage.  So my mother took me off the carriage and said: 'Mum, take her with you. If you are left behind, you shall at least have her'. To tell you the truth, my grandma wasn't very happy to take me because she wanted to take my older brother who was 10. But he told her: 'If my mother dies, I'll die with her' and he refused to get off [the carriage]. On the other hand, my grandma chose not to take my two-year old sister. Later, they took everybody to the cemetery, shot them and returned for the rest, for us, a few of us left. And they took us to the central square, some 300 meters from the cemetery where everything [all people] had already been shot dead. There was that inn, as was the tradition in the countryside, where peasants would go to drink beer or something. The owner came out and wanted to offer a snack to those Germans... She thought she would still manage to save someone.  The Germans went inside, I don't know, to drink vodka or something else, I can't tell. The head of the blue police  came out and said: 'Run if you can'. So my grandma grabbed me and took me off the carriage and we ran. But we didn't take the street to get back home. You say 'street' nowadays but there were no streets but rural roads at the time. We did so because we were afraid that somebody would denounce us and that we would be shot. So we ran, as they say, behind the houses across the meadows. When we got home, we found my grandpa dead in the house because he had been shot first as he didn't want to go outside. He was lying across. There was a bed and he was lying across that bed. He was killed at home. We, we came back almost directly from that cemetery. How much time could have passed? Nearly one hour. There was nothing to take along... My grandma didn't even have shoes for me. People had stolen everything because they knew that Gypsies would not be coming back, that they would all be killed. I was just wearing my night shirt and my grandma took me as I was standing there and there was nothing to take from the house. The whole house had been plundered. There was only the bed in which my grandpa had been killed. They didn't touch that. Later, we just...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=699.5,979.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So you were left with your grandma only? That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=979.5,984.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=984.5,985.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. Out of the entire family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=985.5,989.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Out of the entire family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=989.0,991.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e This means your brother and sister...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=991.5,994.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Brother, my brother had been shot... Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=994.5,998.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=998.0,998.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. But my sister had not. Such small children were simply... He wanted to save bullets and there was that chapel... He would take [a child] by the legs, [swing them] against the wall and throw them into the pit. The mass grave continued to move for three days because not everything [all people] had been dead.  He just shot [the person], if he hit them, it was fine, if he didn't, everything [the person] went into the pit anyway. So they would bury people who were still alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=998.5,1043.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Who survived that slaughter, from all those Gypsies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1043.0,1047.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Five or six of us maybe made it. Five persons in total?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1047.0,1053.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Five persons in total?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1053.0,1055.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Five persons in total? Yes. They are already dead anyway. I'm the only survivor still alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1055.0,1063.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e This means that you're like the only eyewitness to that tragedy? Yes, I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1063.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1070.0,1071.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I am. Did you mention it, talk about it frequently later after the war, did you return there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1071.5,1081.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e You know one cannot forget that. Even when I'm at home, a thought crosses my mind that I had to struggle all my life on my own, without a father, without a mother, an orphan. I would be shoved and pushed around by whoever fancied it. My grandma simply had nothing to return to. I would have had a home at least had it not been demolished. We didn't think that way. There was no All Saints' Day when we would skip visiting the grave, my grandma and myself. We simply lived a life of misery. We had no place of our own. We had no bed to lie. Well, in a way my grandma did return to her family village...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1081.0,1141.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did she come from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1141.5,1144.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e From Rzemienowice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1144.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that nearby?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1145.0,1146.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, no. It's near Wiślica, Pińczów, there, that area. She returned there. Well, there was nothing to return to there either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1146.5,1157.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e She returned with you at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1157.5,1161.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes, we were already inseparable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1161.0,1164.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened after that tragedy? Did you and your grandmother stay for a little in that village despite everything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1164.0,1173.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, no, no, hell no, we had to run because we were simply afraid of people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1173.5,1182.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e From that village? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1182.0,1184.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1184.0,1184.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. In spite of the fact that there were people, I don't know, your neighbors, friends and acquaintances? They were no longer...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1184.5,1195.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e During those years, there were simply no friends, rarely. Everybody was just looking to snatch something in return for hiding you or else. We had nothing, nothing. We had been taken straight out of our beds. We were left with nothing. So there was no way... If somebody did take us in, my grandma would have to do field work for them in return. Just to make it through the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1195.5,1231.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did your grandmother and yourself go into hiding?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1231.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we did. We even ... from Rzemienowice so my grandma said... Well, she spent some time there, she spent some time with me and we travelled to, to... to Pawłowice.  This is also in the Kielce region. There, we stayed at a man's [farm]. I know that... He was called Franek. I no longer recall his family name. We probably stayed for six months at that man's place. My grandmother worked here and there and that image stuck in my memory: it was at night, we were asleep in sort of an annex and somebody knocked very faintly on the door during the night. My grandma and myself were always very scared when somebody knocked on the door or else. We had heard those shots so close in the cemetery. We were terrified afterward, right? So two men arrived. It was an older man accompanied by a teenager who was probably 19. The boy was seriously ill because it was winter time. We learned only later that it was a father with his son and they were Jewish. I ran errands because nobody would pay attention to me running back and forth through the yard. I was liaising between those two and my grandmother. I would carry milk to them because the young man had a terrible cold. And we hid them for two weeks I think. We were in hiding ourselves and we still hid them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1235.0,1354.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the owner know that...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1354.0,1356.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Nobody knew, nobody knew about those two men. Well, after two weeks when he [the son] got better, his father said that they would no longer expose us to risk and they left. I don't know if they had managed to walk one and a half kilometer even. Later, I heard people say: 'Those two Jews were caught somewhere and killed'.  When I went there and saw that they were mine [the Jews we hid] I couldn't get over it being a child. My grandmother took me and covered me with her skirt so that... I wouldn't give away the fact that I had known them. We left that place afterward...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1356.5,1412.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did those Jews know that both your grandmother and you were Roma? No, they didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1412.0,1419.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1419.5,1421.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they didn't. They thought you were Polish peasants?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1421.0,1425.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they did. They would only look at us suspiciously because we slept in that annex. People were afraid of telling each other the truth. Well, why would we talk about it? Such were the times. We were afraid of telling the truth to one another, whether you were a Gypsy or a Jew or whoever. Everybody looked at you, white, white, right, so...  As a child, I didn't look like a Gypsy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1425.5,1462.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You didn't have the look? No, I didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1462.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1466.0,1467.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I didn't. And your grandmother? My grandmother? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1467.5,1472.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e My grandmother? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1472.0,1473.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e My grandmother? No. She didn't look like a Gypsy either? No, she didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1473.5,1480.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, she didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1480.0,1481.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e No, she didn't. So you were beyond suspicion? You were very lucky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1481.5,1487.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we could well have been. And then from those Pawłowice...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1487.5,1493.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e One more thing. When you were both in hiding staying with those peasants, they thought that you were...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1493.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e That we were members of the owner's family, who...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1502.0,1506.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the owner himself know that you were Gypsies? Did anybody ever think that you were a Jew, for instance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1506.5,1516.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no. Well, he knew that we were Gypsies but... he simply had a heart. What more can I say? In those times, having a heart was what mattered, nothing more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1516.5,1532.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you see it with your eyes of a child? At the age of 5 or 6. You already spoke Polish at home at the time, didn't you? Yes, I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1532.0,1548.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1548.0,1549.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I did. And all Polish customs? Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1549.5,1553.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1553.5,1554.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. And you knew that...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1554.0,1556.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1556.5,1557.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e That the Germans were persecuting specifically you and Jews but you or...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1557.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e I probably didn't realize that we were being persecuted. I was just afraid of the uniform itself. When I saw a uniform, I simply hid because I believed that they were coming to shoot us. It was just that... But was I aware of racial persecution or else as a child at the time? No, I wasn't. We accepted life as it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1563.0,1594.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And what was afterward? What happened later?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1594.5,1598.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Later, we just travelled from Pawłowice to Jędrzejów.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1598.0,1602.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Also in the Kielce region?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1602.0,1604.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Also in the Kielce region. But that wasn't until after the liberation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1604.5,1610.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e So what do you remember? That episode in 1943, that tragedy, the massacre of Gypsies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1610.5,1618.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1618.0,1619.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e And then the hiding and, afterward, the liberation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1619.0,1623.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e That liberation was a wonderful thing. I mean I didn't realize that it was the liberation, true. Exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1623.0,1632.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1632.0,1632.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly. People just started shouting the way they do in the countryside, right? 'Russians in the woods, Russians in the woods!' So we children because women were afraid to go and men were suspicious as they didn't know who, how and what because people heard the name for the first time... So we children were the first to run because we, children are always curious, aren't they? We ran and we saw that clearing in the forest. There were people, there were vehicles, right? Those people were similar to us, they were cheerful. Dancing, singing, right? We children would watch them and it was only after a number of years that I realized that it had been the liberation. It was not our initial feeling, no. The initial reaction. Well, people kissing one another in the village. We children did the same. There was no other option. We had to kiss one another. Only after some time did I remember that it had been the liberation. After the liberation, we left for Jędrzejów, like I said. We lived there near the railway station. A lady owned a small farm nearby. And she rented apartments. We went there and rented one such unit. There was a kitchen and a room, a single chamber. I started school there. After six months, I went to school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1632.5,1744.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e To the first grade?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1744.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e To the first grade because I was very ill and didn't start school before the mid-term. I took a test where I had to subtract apples, add apples and the headmaster said: 'Let's accept her because I can see that this child is smart', right? I attended that school until the sixth grade even though I implored my grandmother to move closer to those murdered. I kept nagging her: 'Grandma, let's go there. Maybe we could live there, closer'. And so we went there. We travelled there later when there was no longer such hatred. It was already a dozen or so years after the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1746.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e You were already a girl at the time, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1799.0,1803.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e I was no longer a girl but a teenager. We went there. And I started the seventh grade in Szczurowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1803.5,1813.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e But where? Did you return there? Yes, I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1813.5,1818.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1818.0,1819.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I did. Was there anybody who remembered that tragedy? There were many people...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1819.5,1826.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWEE:\u003c/strong\u003e There were many people...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1826.5,1828.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/transcript/67733/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eINTERVIEWER:\u003c/strong\u003e There were many people... Just a moment, shall we?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1828.5,1833.0"}]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Aleksandra Szczepan Critical Edition [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Gypsy” (and equivalents in other languages, like “Cygan” in Polish and “Zigeuner” in German) has been used to describe Roma by a majority group and has derogative stereotypes and connotations (e.g. in Polish cyganić means “to cheat”). The word “Cygan” (as also “Zigeuner”) has an unclear etymology; it may come from the Greek Atsínganoi, a deformed version of Athínganoi, the name of a heretic sect; “Gypsy” derives from “Egypt”, the remnant of a legend born in the Middle Ages that ascribed an origin from ancient Egypt. “Roma” is a word of self-identification: “Rom” means in Romany a man and “Romni” a woman. It has been used more frequently since the emergence of Romani civil rights movements in the 1960s and 1970s and first World Romani Congresses (London, 1971; Geneva, 1978, where the International Romani Union was founded). In its broader meaning, it entails therefore a political self-determination and is used as a collective term for the whole minority. In a narrow sense, it denotes Romani subgroups from Eastern and Southern Europe. Hence, some communities do not recognize the term, such as German Sinti, who suggest instead “Sinti and Roma.” See: Sławomir Kapralski, Naród z popiołów. Pamięć zagłady a tożsamość Romów (Warszawa: Scholar, 2012), 78-84; “Erläuterungen zum Begriff „Zigeuner,” Central Council of Sinti and Roma, https://zentralrat.sintiundroma.de/sinti-und-roma-zigeuner/; Sybil Milton, “Hidden Lives: Sinti and Roma Women,” in Elizabeth Baer and Myrna Goldenberg (eds.), Experience and Expression: Women, the Nazis, and the Holocaust (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2003), 54; Gilad Margalit, Germany and Its Gypsies: A Post-Auschwitz Ordeal (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), 3-4.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=19.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrystyna Gil, born Ciuroń on 5 November 1938, died in Kraków on 1 April 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=19.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eKrystyna Gil’s family belonged to the local sedentary Roma from the Bergitka Roma (highlander or Carpathian Roma) subgroup.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=35.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e“Gypsy” (and equivalents in other languages, like “Cygan” in Polish and “Zigeuner” in German) has been used to describe Roma by a majority group and has derogative stereotypes and connotations (e.g. in Polish cyganić means “to cheat”). The word “Cygan” (as also “Zigeuner”) has an unclear etymology; it may come from the Greek Atsínganoi, a deformed version of Athínganoi, the name of a heretic sect; “Gypsy” derives from “Egypt”, the remnant of a legend born in the Middle Ages that ascribed an origin from ancient Egypt. “Roma” is a word of self-identification: “Rom” means in Romany a man and “Romni” a woman. It has been used more frequently since the emergence of Romani civil rights movements in the 1960s and 1970s and first World Romani Congresses (London, 1971; Geneva, 1978, where the International Romani Union was founded). In its broader meaning, it entails therefore a political self-determination and is used as a collective term for the whole minority. In a narrow sense, it denotes Romani subgroups from Eastern and Southern Europe. Hence, some communities do not recognize the term, such as German Sinti, who suggest instead “Sinti and Roma.” See: Sławomir Kapralski, Naród z popiołów. Pamięć zagłady a tożsamość Romów (Warszawa: Scholar, 2012), 78-84; “Erläuterungen zum Begriff „Zigeuner,” Central Council of Sinti and Roma, https://zentralrat.sintiundroma.de/sinti-und-roma-zigeuner/; Sybil Milton, “Hidden Lives: Sinti and Roma Women,” in Elizabeth Baer and Myrna Goldenberg (eds.), Experience and Expression: Women, the Nazis, and the Holocaust (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2003), 54; Gilad Margalit, Germany and Its Gypsies: A Post-Auschwitz Ordeal (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), 3-4.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=38.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Association of Roma in Poland (Stowarzyszenie Romów w Polsce) was founded at the beginning of 1992 by anthropologist Andrzej Mirga (representing the Bergitka Roma subgroup) and activist Roman Kwiatkowski (representing the Polska Roma subgroup). It was registered in Bielsko-Biała, with its headquarter in Oświęcim (the Polish town where the Auschwitz camp was situated). The Association was established in the aftermath of the Mława pogrom (26-27 June 1991), a series of anti-Roma attacks in the town of Mława in north-eastern Poland during which a group of about 200 individuals attacked and devasted Roma properties in the town as retribution for a hit-and-run involving a Roma driver. The Association organizes an annual commemoration at KL Auschwitz-Birkenau on 2 August. It is oriented towards human rights and identity politics. The Association’s representatives were involved in the Common Commission of Government and National and Ethnic Minorities that worked on the Minority Law, which was adopted in early 2005. See Andrzej Mirga, “Setting up the Association Of Roma In Poland (Stowarzyszenie Romów w Polsce),” https://www.romarchive.eu/en/collection/setting-up-the-association-of-roma-in-poland-stowarzyszenie-romow-w-polsce/. In1963 a Gypsy Socio-Cultural Association was established in Tarnów; in 1984 it changed its name to Romani Socio-Cultural Association. Kapralski, \u003cem\u003eNaród z popiołów\u003c/em\u003e, 79.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=70.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn a short autobiographical essay, Michał Sobelman wrote: “On a football pitch, when you didn’t pass the ball or missed a goal, after softer insults, like ‘loser,’ ‘moron,’ or ‘clown,’ came inevitably ‘Jew.’ Very early, when I was 8-10 years old, I understood that in Poland there is nothing worse than to be a Jew.” Michał Sobelman, “Wyjazd. Marzec 1968 – refleksje świadka,” in Alicja Bartuś (ed.), Europa wobec wyzwań XXI wieku. Deportacje, wysiedlenia i przymusowe migracje jako nieodłączny element konfliktów zbrojnych i wojen współczesnego świata (Oświęcim: Urząd Miasta Oświęcim, 2014), 72. Michał Sobelman grew up in Sosnowiec; his parents were Polish Jews, his father lost his family and first wife in Auschwitz. He emigrated to Israel in 1969 as a consequence of the antisemitic campaign launched in March 1968 by the Communist authorities. 13,000 Jews left Poland because of this eruption of antisemitic sentiments in Polish society. Most emigrated to Israel, North America and Sweden. See Feliks Tych, “The ‘March ’68’ Antisemitic Campaign: Onset, Development and Consequences,” in Feliks Tych and Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska (eds.), Jewish Presence in Absence: The Aftermath of the Holocaust in Poland, 1944–2010, trans. Grzegorz Dąbkowski and Jessica Taylor-Kucia (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2014), 451-472; Dariusz Stola, “Anti-Zionism as a Multipurpose Policy Instrument: The Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland, 1967–1968,” Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture 25 (2006): 175-201; Michael C. Steinlauf, Bondage to the Dead Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997), 75-88. See also the interview with Michał Sobelman, “Babcia była antysemitką. Mówiła, że mój ojciec jest gburem, złym człowiekiem i Mośkiem,” Gazeta Wyborcza, 09.10.2017, https://wyborcza.pl/duzyformat/7,127290,22476131,michal-sobelman-babcia-byla-antysemitka-mowila-ze-moj.html.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=160.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the census of 30 September 1921, Szczurowa had a population of 1,971 people, including 132 Jews and about 100 Roma. In May 1941, the Jewish population had grown to 394 people due to an influx of refugees, mostly from Kraków. In July 1942, Szczurowa Jews were deported to the ghetto in Brzesko, transported by Polish peasants on their carriages by the order of German gendarmes. Some of the Jewish citizens stayed in hiding, mostly on the riverbank of the Vistula. From autumn 1942, hunts for Jews on the Vistula riverbank were organized, with a leading role played by German gendarme Robert John, with the participation of Polish “blue” police. In March 1943, according to the German census, Szczurowa had 1,866 residents. See Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej opracowany na podstawie wyników pierwszego powszechnego spisu ludności z dn. 30 września 1921 r. i innych źródeł urzędowych, vol. 12 Województwo Krakowskie. Śląsk Cieszyński (Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny, 1925); Joint Distribution Committee Archive, Sprawozdanie z czynności komitetu za marzec 1941, 12.03.1941, no. 2657971; Amtliches Gemeinde- und Dorfverzeichnis für das Generalgouvernement auf Grund der Summarischen Bevölkerungsbestandsaufnahme am 1. März 1943 (Krakau: Burgverlag Krakau G.m.b.H., 1943). On the hunts (Judenjagd), see Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2013). In her interview for the Shoah Foundation, Maria Długowiejska, a Jewish survivor from the Szczurowa region, describes the hunts on the Vistula River region and recounts how in one her husband Józef Langdorf lost his father and brother. Interview with Maria Długowiejska, 16.12.1996, University of Southern California Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive (hereafter USC SF-VHA), no. 25576. The hunts on the riverbank are also described in the testimony of Stanisław Giemza for the investigation of the Chief Commission for Investigation of Hitlerite Crimes in Poland (Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce) in 1969. Institute for National Remembrance, Akta żandarmerii w Brzesku, DS 43/67, vol. 2.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=184.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMichał Ciuroń.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=241.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRomani families appear in the Szczurowa parish register for the first time in the 1820s. The families of Ciuroń, Siwak, Rakoczy, and Białoń lived in the Romani settlement “Na Włoszynie” on the outskirts of the village. On the history of Roma in Szczurowa, see Adam Bartosz, Małopolski szlak martyrologii Romów (Tarnów: Muzeum Okręgowe w Tarnowie, 2015), 18. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=241.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn child survivors, see Joanna Beata Michlic, Yuliya von Saal, and Anna Ullrich, “Introduction,” in Joanna Beata Michlic, Yuliya von Saal, and Anna Ullrich (eds.),\u003cem\u003e Childhood during War and Genocide: Agency, Survival, and Representation\u003c/em\u003e, European Holocaust Studies 5 (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2024), 7-30; Rebecca Clifford, \u003cem\u003eSurvivors: Children’s Lives after the Holocaust\u003c/em\u003e (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2020); Joanna Beata Michlic, Piętno Zagłady. \u003cem\u003eWojenna i powojenna historia oraz pamięć żydowskich dzieci ocalałych w Polsce\u003c/em\u003e, trans. Adam Musiał Warszawa: ŻIH, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=286.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn Romani music, see David Malvinni, \u003cem\u003eThe Gypsy Caravan: From Real Roma to Imaginary Gypsies in Western Music\u003c/em\u003e (New York: Routledge, 2004).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=328.0,332.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSolec-Zdrój is a village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=385.0,417.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGil’s grandmother Justyna Ciuroń was also ethnically Polish. Mixed marriages were not rare among sedentary Roma. See Volha Bartash, “The Romani Family before and during the Holocaust: How Much Do We Know? An Ethnographic-Historical Study in the Belarusian-Lithuanian Border Region,” in Eliyana R. Adler and Katerina Capková (eds.), \u003cem\u003eJewish and Romani Families in the Holocaust and Its Aftermath\u003c/em\u003e (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2021), 17-41.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=442.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe photo is reproduced in Adam Bartosz, \u003cem\u003eTabor Pamięci Romów / Roma Caravan Memorial\u003c/em\u003e (Tarnów: Muzeum Okręgowe w Tarnowie, 2003), 6. Available at: https://www.tandis.odihr.pl/bitstream/20.500.12389/20243/1/04660.pdf.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=481.0,486.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Szczurowa massacre took place on 3 July 1943.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=696.0,699.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eProbably Tadeusz Strycharz. He was sentenced after the war to 15 years in prison for killing two Jews during the war, INR, DS 43/67, vol. 2. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=699.5,979.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the eyewitness Józef Gofron, it was his sister Maria Piotrowska who stopped the Germans to ask for her Romani employee Petronela Ruwińska. She was married to a Polish man and lived outside the Romani settlement. Interview with Józef Gofron. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=699.5,979.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn her testimony for the Visual History Archive, Krystyna Gil names this German as Engelbert Guzdek. Interview with Krystyna Gil, 13.03.1997, USC SF-VHA, no. 30163, Segment 16.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=699.5,979.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJustyna Ciuroń.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=699.5,979.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Szczurowa massacre was led by a German gendarme from the detachment in Dąbrowa Tarnowska: Engelbert Guzdek, who became notorious in the area for his cruelty towards civilians. He headed a special unit consisting of German gendarmes and Polish “blue” policemen that specialized in “catching bandits, Jews, and other individuals” (so-called Jagdkommando), especially hunting for local Jews hiding along the Vistula River. Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews, 99. Guzdek was called “Bloody Phantom” or “the Butcher.” He was executed soon after the Szczurowa massacre, in August 1943, by the Polish underground. Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews, 96-100, 264, 265; Adam Kazimierz Musiał, Krwawe Upiory, Dzieje powiatu Dąbrowa Tarnowska w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej (Tarnów: Karat, 1993). According to the investigation carried out in 1969 by the Chief Commission for Investigation of Hitlerite Crimes in Poland, Guzdek came to Szczurowa with three other Germans: Paul Stosch, Robert John and Finder, plus several Polish “blue” policemen from nearby Otfinów. They were assisted by the local “blue” policemen, headed by Tadeusz Strycharz and Ludwiczak. INR, DS 43/67, vol. 2. Eyewitness Józef Gofron testified that the pit at the cemetery was dug by local firemen. Interview with Józef Gofron, 20.07.2002, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, RG-50.488*0143. \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=699.5,979.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eStanisław and Danuta Ciuroń.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=991.5,994.5"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe image of a moving grave is very common in testimonies of Holocaust eyewitnesses.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=998.5,1043.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the postwar investigation of the Chief Commission for Investigation of Hitlerite Crimes in Poland, the survivors were Petronela Ruwińska, Ludwika Ciuroń and Justyna and Krystyna Ciuroń. INR, DS 43/67, vol. 2. Petronela Ruwińska and Ludwika Ciuroń continued to live in Szczurowa after the war.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1047.0,1053.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRzemienowice is a village in Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland, 69 km south of the regional capital Kielce.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1144.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePawłowice is a village in Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland, 50 km south-west of the regional capital Kielce. The distance between Rzemienowice and Pawłowice is 36 km.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1235.0,1354.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn the so-called \"third phase of the Holocaust,\" after ghettoization and liquidation of the ghettos, when Jewish refugees from the ghettos went into hiding, see Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski (eds.), \u003cem\u003eNight Without End: The Fate of Jews in German Occupied Poland\u003c/em\u003e (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2022). The study comprises eight case studies from occupied Poland. The authors estimate that of 200,000-300,000 Jews seeking refuge only 40,000-50,000 managed to survive and that their fates were largely dependent on the attitudes of ethnic Poles.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1356.5,1412.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGil uses here a common expression used by Roma to denote non-Romani people, “whites” (in Romany gadje).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1425.5,1462.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSobelman employs the elliptic phrase “to have a look,” which stands for “to have a Jewish look,” meaning “to look like a Jew.” It was commonly used during the Holocaust and after the war, by both survivors and non-Jewish witnesses, together with “to have a good look,” meaning “to look like a non-Jew.” For more on passing during the Holocaust, see Małgorzata Melchior, Zagłada a tożsamość. Polscy Żydzi ocaleni „na aryjskich papierach”: analiza doświadczenia biograficznego (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2004); Małgorzata Melchior, “Moral Attitudes and Conflicts of the Holocaust Survivors who Passed as Non-Jews,” Studia Judaica 1 (2002):139-152; Małgorzata Melchior, “Les ‘Juifs aryens’: stratégies de survie et problèmes d'identité,” in Jean-Charles Szurek and Annette Wieviorka (eds.), Juifs et Polonais 1939-2008 (Paris: Ếditions Albin Michel, 2009), 369-388.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1462.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eJędrzejów is a town in southern Poland, located in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, about 35 km southwest of Kielce. The distance between Pawłowice and Jędrzejów is 20 km.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1598.0,1602.0"},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154/annotation_set/1370/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Red Army entered the area of Pawłowice on 13 January 1945. See Christopher Duffy, Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March on Germany, 1945 (New York: Routledge, 1991). According to the “Holocaust Encyclopedia”: “Virtually all of Poland in its prewar boundaries had been liberated by Soviet forces by the end of January 1945. … As a consequence of decisions made by American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill, and Soviet Communist party chief Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference (held in the Soviet Crimea in February 1945), the Soviet Union retained the Polish territory that it had annexed after it partitioned Poland in 1939 under the provisions of the German-Soviet Pact. Poland's eastern border was moved westward and, as a result, Poland lost more than 70,000 square miles of territory to the Soviet Union. Poland was compensated, however, with German territory from the provinces of Silesia, Pomerania, and the southern part of East Prussia; her western border (as determined at the July 1945 Potsdam conference) would run along the line of the Oder and Neisse Rivers. Thus, Poland received more than 40,000 square miles of territory from Germany, including Silesian coal mines and a Baltic Sea coastline. This territorial shift of Polish borders moved the country decisively westward, closer to the heart of Europe. Nevertheless, Poland emerged from World War II slightly reduced in size from its 1939 boundaries.” USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/poland-in-1945.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59154#t=1623.0,1632.0"}]}]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59155","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 3 - open-uri20191201-29465-152xjoe.mov"]},"duration":1815.0,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/059/155/small/open-uri20191201-29465-152xjoe_1575252527.jpg?1575252528","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59155/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59155/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-fortunoff.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/059/155/original/open-uri20191201-29465-152xjoe.mov?1575252527","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1815.0,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59155","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[]},{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59156","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 3 of 3 - open-uri20191201-29465-nnofcg.mov"]},"duration":755.04,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/059/156/small/open-uri20191201-29465-nnofcg_1575252554.jpg?1575252555","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59156/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59156/content/3/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-fortunoff.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/059/156/original/open-uri20191201-29465-nnofcg.mov?1575252554","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":755.04,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://fortunoff.aviaryplatform.com/collections/5/collection_resources/3228/file/59156","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[]}]}